Nursing Research Summary and Ethical Considerations Essay

Nursing Research Summary and Ethical Considerations - Essay Example The introduction of a youngster is a significant occasion in the life of a lady (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, and Kwok, 2014). The idea of birth a lady experiences is likewise significant since it additionally characterizes her view of labor long after the youngster was conceived. Along these lines, this examination was attempted to set up the impression of baby blues ladies on what involves the best nursing characteristics for medical attendants taking care of pregnant ladies after birth. The examination applied a subjective exploration philosophy, comprising of investigation of meetings embraced on 15 baby blues ladies who had brought forth solid babies in aâ â emergency clinic in Hong Kong (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, and Kwok, 2014). The consequences of the examination were extrapolated to give five essential nursing characteristics wanted by ladies subsequent to conceiving an offspring. The experience that a lady gets during and in the wake of conceiving an offspring can represent the moment of truth her will to keep siring more youngsters. Along these lines, on the off chance that a lady experience during conceiving an offspring is decidedly acceptable, at that point the lady is set up for future siring of kids (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, and Kwok, 2014). In any case, if a lady gets a negative encounter in the wake of conceiving an offspring, her will to keep siring more youngsters is broken. The centrality of this investigation to nursing is that; labor is an amazing occasion in the life of a lady and giving her a palatable encounter is significant for the nursing calling. Along these lines, the investigation is huge to the nursing calling, since it sets up the characteristics that the attendants taking care of ladies during conceiving an offspring ought to have, and readies the nursing calling for agreeable taking care of pregnant ladies in the wake of conceiving an offspring (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, and Kwok, 2014). The reason for the investigation was to set up the best characteristics that attendants taking care of ladies during and subsequent to conceiving an offspring ought to have. The goal of the investigation was to set up the best characteristics of obstetric medical attendants that can prompt palatable going to of baby blues ladies. The marvel of this investigation is that the job of the obstetric medical attendants is significant in characterizing the good degrees of ladies during and subsequent to conceiving an offspring (CY Chan, Wong, Lam, Wong, and Kwok, 2014).â Â

Strategic Profile and Case Analysis Purpose Essay Example For Students

Key Profile and Case Analysis Purpose Essay Lincoln Electric has been the universes biggest producer of curve welding items for as far back as thirty years. Notwithstanding its welding items, Lincoln additionally creates a line of three-stage rotating flow modern electric engines. Their procedure is basic, decrease expenses and pass the reserve funds through to the client by constantly bringing down costs. Lincolns the executives accepted its motivation framework and the atmosphere it encouraged are liable for the constant increment in profitability with which their system depends on. Under the motivating force framework, workers are liberally remunerated for their efficiency, top notch, cost decrease thoughts, and individual commitments to the organization. Lincolns methodology had remained for all intents and purposes unaltered; it had accomplished an advantageous record in following this system steadfastly and hence wanted to adjust it later on. Circumstance AnalysisInformation innovation keeps on getting less expensive and have increasingly handy applications for each sort of business. Utilizing databases an organization can arrange complex information conveyance of data on request at a quick pace. Lincolns Order division had as of late started modernizing its tasks. Just because a PC will be utilized in the organization except for the designing and research office. The PC was relied upon to supplant 12 or 13 representatives who might be moved to new openings. Like anything new the PC was not completely supported by top administration since individuals didn't know it could deliver reserve funds and permit a more noteworthy level of control. The change procedure has worked out positively, albeit more slow at that point foreseen in view of request pressure being so high. We will compose a custom paper on Strategic Profile and Case Analysis Purpose explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Lincolns methodology has empowered the exit of a few significant organizations (for example General Electric) from the business and made others look for increasingly specific regions. Not at all like different organizations Lincoln has a remuneration strategy to compensate representatives for speedy productive work. Practically all creation laborers at Lincoln are paid on a straight piecework plan. They have no base compensation or hourly sway yet are paid a set sum for every thing they produce. The second component of the pay framework is a year-end reward. The reward isn't a blessing, yet it is the sharing of the consequences of proficient activity of the premise of commitment of every individual to the achievement of the organization for that year. Notwithstanding Lincolns motivation program another significant serious edge for them is their business power. The business power is paid a pay in addition to a reward. They highly esteem working a greater number of hours than any other person works. The business power is known to be the most generously compensated and most focused in the business. Recognizable proof of Environmental Opportunities and Threats and Firm Strengths and Weaknesses. The qualities, shortcomings, openings and dangers (S.W.O.T.) of Lincoln Electrics system can be appeared to profit their organization and obstruct it at different occasions. The best quality in Lincoln Electric is their capacity to undermine contenders costs by methods for less expensive creation costs. Referenced before, they can do this as a result of their impetus program, where they reward representatives for speed, quality and inventive thoughts. This methodology is the principle motivation behind why they can turn away danger of outside contenders having a lower cost with a high pace of value. It is difficult to contend when you cannot beat the contender costs of top notch items. The administration at Lincoln learned many key factors about their representatives and how they like to function. For whatever length of time that the workers complete their activity the administration disregard them. One might say they work for themselves, they settle on their brakes and lunch times ( most work through their brakes) and the harder the m!ore items they produce in a day the more cash they make at long last. The representatives like this, since they like being liable for themselves and not relying upon others, additionally they decide their check by how hard they work during a given day. Lincoln Electric has a strategy of filling everything except section level situations by advancing from inside the organization. Any worker can go after a job that includes opened inside the organization. On account of the companys continued development and strategy of recruiting from inside, anybody gets an opportunity for headway in the organization. The main other approach to find a new line of work at Lincoln other than beginning the floor is to enter their preparation programs in deals or building. Lincoln doesn't give educational cost awards to instructive purposes and they don't send its representatives to outside administration advancement programs. System FormulationLincoln s technique has been exceptionally effective for them in the course of recent years, which establishes them being the pioneer underway of circular segment welding hardware. Due to their moderate nature, Lincoln has not looked carefully enough at what benefits they will get by improving their innovation through PCs. They have been delayed to actualize their first framework in the requesting office despite the fact that they anticipate investment funds of $100,000. Nonstop instruction has been a trendy expression of organizations for the most recent decade. Pretty much every significant organization around the globe has spent a lot of organization benefits and hours on workshops and instructional meetings to guarantee their representatives are exceptional on each new advancement in their industry. Lincoln Electric has not spent dollar one on preparing. They don't give awards for instructive purposes and has never sent somebody to an outside administration improvement program. They fee l that difficult work and diligence is increasingly significant at that point burning through cash on the board instructional courses. Lincoln Electrics representatives try sincerely and productively so they can improve their legitimacy rating without fail they may bargain brakes and cut corners any place conceivable to expand their yield. At the end of the day working for Lincoln Electric sounds incredible in light of the fact that you have the chance of acquiring a high check, however the degree of worry in a domain like that must be colossal. A representative would fear phoning in debilitated with seasonal influenza since that would mean missing an entire days profitability and costing a ton of cash. Numerous representatives work through their brakes to increment out put; the main time they are away from the creation line is thirty minutes for lunch during an entire day. Having a major check toward the week's end is consistently pleasant yet in a high territory of stress bargaini ng your wellbeing or security how significant is it truly? Vital Alternative ImplementationLincoln Electric comprehends the fundamental drive of their representatives, the harder you work the more cash you make. This methodology has been functioning admirably for them and the representatives themselves like it in light of the fact that the turnover pace of workers is the most minimal in the business. Their administration strategies might be unique, yet you can't contend that they are not working since they are the business chiefs. On account of this I would not hop into spending loads of cash on sending directors to gatherings to improve their abilities. On the off chance that I were in an upper level situation of the executives with Lincoln I would hope to time and cost sparing open doors inside the organization. My first assessment is improve Lincolns absence of innovation. Since everybody at the organization thinks minimal about data innovations and how they can support the organ ization, I would hope to acquire an outside specialized counseling organization. Along these lines the could come in, take a gander at our activity and give an introduction to upper managem!ent pretty much constantly and cash we could spare by joining the innovative age. Another favorable position of acquiring outside specialists would be we would have a decision, we could tune in to a couple various firms and afterward settle on the best one to address our issues. It is the ideal opportunity for Lincoln electric to quit dreading change and to utilize PCs outside of the Research and Design (Engineering) divisions.

Hot Dogs

Hot Dogs Ive always been a big eater. Part of this may be because my dad is not only a fire fighter but also because he used to be a cook. For those of you who are out of the loop, fire fighters cook enough food for an army, and when theyre on shift thats fine. When a fire fighter cooks for an army but only has to feed a family, the boy has to eat it all. Thatd be me, Im the boy, and Im used to eating massive amounts of food. Before Matt, Ben, and I gave our presentation last week we went for lunch at a place called Spikes Junkyard Dogs. While there I noticed a contest that challenged patrons to eat as many hot dogs as possible. Being the typical MIT student with a huge ego I say to Matt and Ben Psh, I can do that, look! The record is only 14, and you get an hour and a half to do it, how is that even hard!? Matt and Ben were skeptic. I was not. The e-mail went out Saturday: So Spikes Junkyard Dogs (http://www.spikesjunkyarddogs.com/index.html) has this neat little contest wherein whoever can eat the most hot dogs in 1.5 hours gets their picture on the wall, a t-shirt, free hot dogs, and all sorts of other fame and admiration. The current record is only 14 dogs. As some of you may know, Im pretty much a garbage disposal for food, so I thought Id give it a try. Im planning on heading over tomorrow at about 3 pm and Id appreciate a cheering section. I cant make any guarantees as to whether Ill be able to eat 15 dogs or not, but Ill certainly end up making myself sick and eat a ridiculous amount of food. Anybody interested, lets meet in the 23 at 3ish. Youre welcome to try to break the record with me! I planned my dinner and breakfast food amounts accordingly and went for a jog in order to make myself hungry. A group of us headed out at 3 and laughed joyously at the thought of what was to come. We got there and I strode up to the counter, slapped down a $50 bill and said Im going to eat 15 hot dogs. The cashier took the money and said Do you know the rules? As many hot dogs as possible, an hour and a half, no bathroom and no throwing up. I nodded and was ready to eat. We all sat down at the table and chatted happily, waiting for our hot dogs to arrive. Zach LaBry 08 decided to try and eat as many as possible as well, so it became a nice little contest between the two of us. Heres our group before our food had arrived, Zach is the one in the middle. The hot dogs began to arrive. Michelle 11 got hers first followed by Zach Bailey 08 (we had more than one Zach in our party, so Zach Bailey actually told the guy at the register his name was Jim). and then Zach LaBry Jordan got hers next and then I started to get mine. I scarfed the first two dogs like they were nothing. By the third one I wasnt really hungry anymore. I could still eat, it just wasnt pleasant. Why such an early sign of defeat? The buns on the hot dogs were actually baguettes. Seriously, they took a loaf of bread, cut it in half, and made it a hot dog bun. It dries out your mouth so much! Being the engineer I am, I decided to try and find an easier way to consume bread. Perhaps if I dunk it in water!? Lets see, now that its all moist Ill just take a bite and then BLECH! Ok, dunking in water maybe wasnt the best idea. At all. Bread turns into this nasty, aloe-like gel-consistency when soaked in water. Its not appetizing. Good thing they gave me a bucket. As I begin fighting my way through my fourth hot dog Zach is on number 5. It is at this point we realize that Zach is a beast and I suck at eating hot dogs. This is what our table looked like about midway through the eating: Notice how I stare at Zach in awe as he scarfs down dog number 7. I am just beginning number 5. Zachs having a great time, Im angry at meat. This is me halfway through dog 5. After an hour and a half I had eaten 5 dogs and Zach had eaten 9. I realized that although I may like to eat a lot of food, my metabolism doesnt, and baguettes suck. Zach, for eating more than 6 hot dogs, got his picture on the wall and a t-shirt. I got nothing :( Thats ok though, because I had a really fun time, am uber impressed by Zach, and I got to eat a lot of tasty hot dogs. Michelle stole one though. Before we left, full and content, I gave my hot dogs one last stare down and then threw them away. Its just too much hot dog for one person. So, a challenge to all you pre-frosh during CPW, lets get together and go to Spikes, I want to see you all eat over 6 hot dogs. Ill try to get funding, but bring some money along in case I cant. Its about $2.50 a dog, its a good time!

The Wife of Bath, The Wife of Bath Prologue, and The...

The Wife of Bath, The Wife of Bath Prologue, and The General Prologue These selections from The Canterbury Tales best exemplify the ideals and traits of women (as portrayed by Chaucer). In, The Wife of Bath Prologue, the narrator brags of her sexual exploits as well as her prowess of controlling men. The narrator is quite forthright in her enjoyment of this manipulation; she comments on her technique of lying and predomination of men. The General Prologue further serves to display the daunting traits of women. The narrator makes several stabs at a womans appearance; and the overall effect is one of distaste and inadequacy. The tale itself, The Wife of Bath, embodies the characteristics of the†¦show more content†¦The author also includes an amusing vignette of her appearance; Her head-dresses were of finest weave and ground; I dare swear that they weighed a poundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Her stockings were of the finest scarlet redà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦her faceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and red of hue. This humorous tone exemplifies the promiscuous nature of the woman. The attachment of the color red especially highlights this; as it conveys a seductive and tantalizing demeanor. The overall effect of these items allows the reader to form an image of the woman; that she is a person of low morals and status. Her life is comprised of appealing and manipulating the hearts of men. The additional prologue, The Wife of Bath Prologue, is both lengthy and abound with persuasion. This particular division of the Tale offers a glimpse into the mind of the Wife. In it, she portrays herself as a proud woman, which has used her innumerable supply of husbands as vessels of mere social and financial support. The performance that she displays showcases her uncaring nature as well as her experience. The selection utilizes exemplum to properly impart this experience. This form is a short story which is embedded intoShow MoreRelated Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales1623 Words   |  7 Pages Character Analysis of The Wife of Bath of Chaucers Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is Geoffrey Chaucers greatest and most memorable work. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer uses a fictitious pilgrimage [to Canterbury] as a framing device for a number of stories (Norton 79). In The General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes in detail the pilgrims he meets in the inn on their way to Canterbury. Chaucer is the author, but also a character and the narrator, and acts likeRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - Women in The Wife of Bath1433 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Chaucers The Wife of Bath Chaucers The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale is a medieval legend that paints a portrait of strong women finding love and themselves in the direst of situations. It is presented to the modern day reader as an early tale of feminism showcasing the ways a female character gains power within a repressive, patriarchal society. Underneath the simplistic plot of female empowerment lies an underbelly of anti-feminism. Sometimes this is presented blatantlyRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer View and Change on Judgement968 Words   |  4 Pagesand hypocrisy. He wrote about these problems in a set of tales widely known as The Canterbury Tales. The first is The General Prologue which describes a pilgrimage to Canterbury that many people endure, but on this specific journey, twenty-nine different people travel together to Canterbury. He uses two types of satire to relinquish these opinions, juvenile and horacian. A general definition of satire is saying one thing, but meaning another. The author Cy nthia justifies my definition by stating,Read MoreThe Wife Of Bath, By Geoffrey Chaucer1251 Words   |  6 PagesThe Wife of Bath, emphasizing â€Å"The Prologue of the Wife of Bath’s Tale† and the â€Å"The Prologue† in Geoffrey Chaucer s Canterbury Tales, is an example of the Middle English concept that male authors reflect misogynistic ideals of society onto female characters.With the Wife of Bath, she is a fictional character, as told by Chaucer, going on a Pilgrimage, with constant ridicule for her sexuality and multiple marriages. Chaucer portrays her as a previously battered wife who uses her sexual promiscuityRead MoreFeminism In Chaucers The Wife Of Bath1216 Words   |  5 PagesA large part of the study of literature deals with interpreting the original meaning of a work and attempting to understand how it applies to modern day readers. As with other pieces of literature, this is also true for Chaucer’s â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Prologu e,† where many contemporary scholars hail Chaucer as feminist icon for his depiction of an eloquent, independent woman. This interpretation, however, is flawed because it is highly anachronistic. Feminism, as we understand the term today, did notRead More Canterbury Tales Essay - Anti-Feminist Rhetoric in The Wife Of Bath1204 Words   |  5 PagesAnti-Feminist Rhetoric in  The Wife Of Bath    In Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, The Wife of Bath is a strong woman who loudly states her opinions about the antifeminist sentiments popular at the time. Chaucer, however, frequently discredits her arguments by making them unfounded and generally compromising her character. This brings into question Chaucers political intent with the Wife of Bath. Is he supportive of her views, or is he making a mockery of woman who challenge the patriarchalRead MoreThe Wife of Bath1326 Words   |  6 Pagestheir journey. One of the travellers, the Wife of Bath shares her views on social relationships between men and women. The fourteenth century is viewed as having a patriarchal dominated society. However, the Wife of Bath, Alisoun, is a strong believer in female maistrie, control in the marriage. She believes in female supremacy over husbands in marriage, and does not feel they can be equal partners in the relationship. Through her prologue and tale the wife justifies the actions sh e and other womenRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - The Powerful Wife of Bath1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe Powerful Wife of Bath   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Geoffrey Chacers The Canterbury Tales we are introduced to 29 people who are going on a pilgrimage to St. Thomas a Becket in Canterbury. Each person is represented to fit a unique type of behavior as shown by people during the medieval ages.   My attention was drawn to the Wife of Bath through which Chaucer notes the gender inequalities.   Predominantly, women could either choose to marry and become a childbearing wife or go intoRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Wife Of Bath Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesAnalytical Essay on the â€Å"Wife of Bath.† Question One Description of the Wife of Bath in terms of her progressive feminism, rhetoric style, and her prolog tale. Comparison of her as a women attitude towards general medieval attitude towards women. â€Å"Wife of Bath† Tale provides insight and understanding of the women change and their view mainly in matters of family, marriage, authority and marital affairs. The Prolog is double the size of her Tale, a lot of information about marriage group is givenRead MoreThe Characters in The Canterbury Tales Essay4000 Words   |  16 PagesThe Purpose of the   Characters in The Canterbury Tales      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characters introduced in the General Prologue of The Canterbury Tales each represent a stereotype of a kind of person that Chaucer would have been familiar with in 14th Century England. Each character is unique, yet embodies many physical and behavioral traits that would have been common for someone in their profession. In preparing the reader for the tales, Chaucer first sets the mood by providing an overall idea of the type

The Mind Of Great Political Thinkers - 1203 Words

Throughout the semester, this class, political science 260, we have delved into the mind of great political thinkers of history. From Plato to Marx, each political philosopher has given to us their thoughts and ideas, through their works, entrusting us to interpret it and, at the very least, give it a serious thought. All of the philosophers were brilliant in their own since, and each one, no matter how big or small their impact on the world today, is important. Each political philosopher creates their vision and philosophy on the world they see, and each philosopher saw the world in their own light. For that reason, each on, even if we do not think they do, gives us an important look upon the world. I myself have those I favor, and those†¦show more content†¦Secondly, what does the philosopher consider to be justice, and what is the purpose of the political system? Again, in other words, under what way of governing does a society achieve justice, and what is the government of a society meant to do. When arriving upon one’s own political philosophy, these questions must be answered, in order to fully develop that philosophy. As for my own political philosophy, I too, answered these questions to guide myself to my final product. Along the way drawing influence from past philosophers, whom have been discussed in class. To begin with, one must ask themselves about human nature. Like Hobbes, and Mills, I personally find humans to be unequal by nature. Not everyone is born the same in multiple aspects, such as physically, mentally, even socially. For example, I was born vertically challenged (short), not particularly skilled in math, and am socially introverted. Meanwhile, one of my close friends was born taller, is a math major, and is a social butterfly. That is just how it so happens to be by chance. We were both genetically meant to stand at the height we do, we were both born with talents, and whether our social personality is caused by nature o r nurture, we also did not get a choice on the family we were born into to raise us either outgoing or shy. However, like many liberal thinkers, I do believe that politically, we are all born equal, and hold liberties to

Critical Thinking Doesn’t Mean Just Criticizing Free Essays

Sound thinking in every realm of life is more practical than poor thinking. When an individual is skilled in their thinking it pays off by saving time and energy. When an individual uses sound thinking they are able to control life circumstances whether good or bad. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Thinking Doesn’t Mean Just Criticizing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Halpern, D. (2003) states, â€Å"Critical Thinking is the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome. † (p. 6). Critical thinking can be also considered as teleological in nature. As well critical thinking concerns the attainment of goals and the desired outcomes from achieving them. Critical thinking is not meant just for criticizing. It is the ability to effectively evaluate evidence and use intellectual tools to avoid being gullible to highly questionable or absurd ideas. The development of critical thinking skills is vital because the skill enables people to operate in a capacity to participate effectively in society, make complex choices, commit to social justice, and reflect on beliefs and actions. Advances in technology have placed an abundance of information at the world’s finger tips. Without critical thinking a person will be unable to separate what is valuable from information that is useless. Critical thinking can be compared to strenuous movement because thinking is hard work. For example at the end of ones day if that person stayed open minded and grasped onto different ideas, that person must now evaluated the evidence supporting those ideas. The National Science Foundation surveyed public attitudes and knowledge about science, they found that 70% of American adults said they were interested in science, but fewer than 30% could give a passable definition of a scientific experiment or hypothesis. Therefore even if a person has general knowledge of critical thinking it will not ensure they will be able to recognize the difference between true and false teaching if they do not have an understanding of what constitutes scientific evidence. With proper instruction a humans thought process can become broadly applied, spontaneously generated, precisely focused, intricately complex and more insightfully divergent. To develop these skills will take practice, concentration and coaching. Critical Thinking must include critical reflection on what passes for critical thinking. However critical thinking can restrict a person to the use of criticism to approved topics and can cause one to wonder into unconventional fields of criticism. Critical thinking is not essentially a negative enterprise but should maintain the kind of criticism which is not aimed at rejection, but considers apparent knowledge on its merits, retaining whatever survives critical scrutiny. Being critical has its positive and negative sides. A writer can compose a review of an article that may or may not agree with the readings presented. The writer’s response to the material will depend on their attitude and what type of approach they are trying to bring out of the material. Therefore critical thinking is not to be taken as simple criticism. In order for a person to be an effective critical thinker they cannot accept information at face value in a non-critical or non-evaluating way. In order for critical thinking to have a positive impact in a person’s life they must have the skills of logical analysis and understand how to apply these skills. According to Passmore (1967), being critical is not simply a habit, a skill, or mastery over the art of logic. Passmore goes on to describe critical thinking as more of a character trait that causes one to ask questions about information received. A critical thinker knows how to consciously apply tactics to discover facts and understanding there meanings. The Stanley Milgram Obedience study successfully shows how a higher authority figure can use their position to encourage others under their authority to perform inhumane acts to cause harm to others. The Milgram study showed that 65% of his subjects which where residents of New Haven, were unknowingly willing to give false electric shocks of 450 volts to protesting victims. These victims were faultless for the pain that was apparently inflicted upon them however because of the authority commanded to the subjects, the subjects whether against or for the experiment continued as commanded. When put in this type of position one must have a strong sense of critical thinking to up hold what it right. This experiment surprises me at how many people will engage in activities knowing they are going cause someone else harm. It makes one wonder how people in authority who use their power to cause others harm gained such a position. One would think that this person’s superior would pick up one such an act and bring it to a stop. Not only that but why would the subordinates allow such activities to continue without reporting the situation to the proper authorities. One can only assume that fear for losing their job or level of respect would cause them to continue to adhere to authority figures whether the action being asked to perform is right or wrong. In the economy we live in today one can only assume to these actions are becoming more prevalent and people are obeying the commands given to the just to keep their careers. No one can afford to lose their job and expect to live comfortable. Instead of using critical thinking to overcome the inhumane request the subordinate just goes along with the order being given to remain in good standing with the authority figure. Had I been the participant in the Milgram study and was ordered to continue with the experiment knowing that the person I was shocking was in total disagreement and begging to stop, I would have stopped. My nature and kind heartedness would not have allowed me to continue with such an act. Not only would I have stopped with the experiment, I would have had to make the experimenter aware that what he was doing is wrong and unjust regardless of the excuse that the experiment was important. The first three questions in the think Tank self-evaluation asks you whether you believe there are right and wrong answers and authorities are those who have the right answers, there are no right answers and everyone has the right to their own opinion, and last even though the world is uncertain, we need to make decisions on what’s right or wrong. These three questions represent the three stages of cognitive development. I found myself to agree strongly with the third statement. I am at the stage in my life where I am well aware that the world is full of uncertainty but we as a society must come together and decide on what is right and what is wrong. This is the main reason we have laws, to keep control of the world. The laws give use a uniformed understanding of how our world is supposed to operate. Without laws we can expect that the world would be in chaos. Even though laws are set in place to be obeyed there are still people who set out to challenge these laws and there are others who don’t care what the law states and do whatever the will to do. However even though the laws are set in place they are not black and white. One must use there critical thinking skills to effectively apply the law in their life. This can be a shortcoming because many laws leave a lot to be interpreted as to the true meaning behind them. With this in mind if critical thinking skills are not applied one may assume they are in the right of the law and really not be because of a lack of understanding. What strengthens me at being in this position in this stage of my life is the fact that I don’t jump to rash decisions. I have learned how to take my time and evaluate each situation, weighing the facts and going with the best option available. Taking the time to do this helps to eliminate a lot of heart ache, struggle and regret. All of us have found ourselves in the position where we wished we could go back in time and change some of the decisions we have made. We all know hindsight is 20/20 and the only thing we can do is live and learn. Learn how to use critical thinking and apply to every aspect of our lives. Working a Hardee’s years ago I was placed in a position to make a decision to cook rotten chicken and serve it to the public. The manager ordered me to cook chicken that both she and I knew could be a danger to the public. Refusing in a very disrespectful manner I lost my job and was sent home with a broken heart because my intentions were good but the situation was handled in the wrong manner. I had to regroup and approach the situation from a different manner; therefore because of my beliefs I knew I could not let the situation go. Instead of remaining mad I used critical thinking to come to the conclusion that people could not suffer from eating rotten chicken and action had to be taken. At this point I called the health department and the district manager of Hardee’s and reported the situation and my concerns. By the end of day I had a call from my manager and was asked to come in for a meeting. During this meeting I was informed by the manager who fired me that if I had handled the situation in a more respectable manner she would have understood my point of view and respected it. If I had taken the time to use critical thinking and explained my standpoint for why I refused to disobey I would have never had to go to such lengths to get my point heard. Because I immediately got angry and viewed my manager as an inhumane person I criticized her and got fired. Although my initial reaction was handled in an inappropriate manner, I was able to bounce back and regain control through critical thinking and informing the appropriate authorities of the facts of the situation and regained my employment. From this I learned that critical thinking and criticism have a domino effect. One bad decision not only causes one side effect, it causes multiply until the chain is broken. In my situation the chain was broken when a thinking critical approach was taken and proper authorizes were involved. I could have been critical of what my manager had done and tried to ruin her name around the small town, but that would have only created more problems. Involving the proper authorities help to bring the situation under control, the chicken was thrown out and no one was placed in harms ways by consuming the product. I regained my employment because I stood up for what was right and changed my attitude towards the situation to gain a positive outcome. Society is often faced with the need to rapidly assess situations and make decisions under dynamic conditions and often with limited information. Sometimes the outcomes are good and sometimes they are bad. As long as humans are involved there will be injury to others in some cases which is unacceptable. Criticism can be constructive or destructive and each individual needs to evaluate themselves on which type they are using along with their critical thinking skills to gain the most positive outcomes for their experiences. How to cite Critical Thinking Doesn’t Mean Just Criticizing, Essay examples

Oxpeckers free essay sample

Oxpecker birds (Buphagus erythrorhynchus), or more commonly known as the â€Å"tick birds†, are both very fascinating, yet confusing little creatures. Well known for being natives of the African continent, the oxpecker bird can be easily separated into two different distinct types of bird species: both the major species and focus species of the study being red-billed oxpecker bird (Buphagus erythrorhynchus) located in northern Africa and the other derived, sister species, being the yellow-billed oxpecker bird (Buphagus africanus) located in southern Africa (Stutterheim et al.  , 2000). These two species of oxpecker birds differ not only in appearance and bill color, but also mating sound, preferences, and their habitat location (Stutterheim et al. , 2000). While both of the oxpecker bird species are known to be very talkative and interesting creatures, these birds are most commonly known for two reasons: 1. ) Their extraordinary and peculiar feeding habits and preferences. 2 . ) Their invasive and unidentifiable relationships with their animal hosts. Both species of the oxpecker bird differ slightly by their feeding habits, but mainly differing on what types of animals they choose to land upon and to be a host for their daily meals (Stutterheim et al. , 2000). The oxpecker bird has caused much conflict when it comes to its true relationships with animal hosts. It has been noticed to have both a mutualistic and parasitic relationships with the host they land upon (Stutterheim et al. , 2000). With further exploration for information on this bird, we are able to determine what type of relationship is truly present in the oxpeckers daily interactions. The oxpecker bird spends most of its typical, normal day flying around and looking for a decently sized ungulate host to land upon or rest upon to begin its normal, everyday feeding process (Stutterheim et al. , 2000). Once the host animal has been located and the bird has landed, the oxpecker bird begins to remove and feast upon the invading ticks that are lingering on or are attached to the ungulates large body (Weeks, 2000). The oxpecker birds will continue to remove the invading ticks with their bill until there are no longer any ticks present on the animal host (Weeks, 2000). If any nearby or oncoming predator is coming to attack the animal host and is sensed or noticed by the resting, feeding oxpecker bird, it immediately reacts to the predator’s presence and begins to fly away from its host (Plantan, 2009). This sudden motion of the oxpecker bird ultimately sends a warning message to the unsuspecting ungulate host to either run away or to protect itself from the predator that is approaching (Plantan, 2009). This specific type of relationship is commonly known as mutualism. Mutualism is where both species benefits from the interaction with one another and neither are harmed in the process (Nunn et al. , 2011). In this case, the birds are being well fed while the animal host is rid of ticks and is able to avoid oncoming danger (Nunn et al. , 2011). But the oxpecker bird is not always seen or known as the friendly, helpful companion it normally appears to be. While removing the invading ticks from ungulates body seems to be the oxpecker birds only job in life, the oxpecker bird will sometimes discard the removed ticks as its primary meal choice completely (Weeks, 2000) Instead, the oxpecker bird will use its bill to begin to pick apart and start eat the raw flesh remaining of the poor, unsuspecting ungulate it is currently resting and feeding upon (Weeks, 2000). If no previously made wounds from invading tick removal can be found lingering on the animal’s body for the bird to feast upon, the oxpecker bird will use its bill and immediately begin to peck open and create fresh wounds on the body so they can start or continue on with their feeding process (Bishop and Bishop, 2014). This type of relationship is more commonly known as parasitism. Parasitism is where only one species benefits from the interaction while the other gains nothing in return and is harmed (Nunn et al. , 2011). In this case, the oxpecker bird is being well fed while the animal host is just experiencing pain (Nunn et al., 2011). These two interesting and different types of interactions can cause major confusion and conflict as to what type of relationship, parasitic or mutualistic, these oxpecker birds truly have with these ungulates hosts. Researchers have tried for many years to broaden their knowledge about this confusing and peculiar little bird. By monitoring a nd recording the daily lives and interactions of the oxpecker species and their hosts, experiments were able to be created and executed to discover what the oxpecker bird prefers as their primary meal source and whether or not it helps the animal hosts in the end. Ultimately, these multiple experiments and observations will allow information on these birds to be pieced together and lead to discovery of whether the oxpecker and the ungulate hosts are considered to have a mutualistic relationship or a parasitic relationship. To dig deeper into this relationship mystery, individual experiments that were performed in different locations and that were executed in a different kind of way can be observed closer. Each of the experiments can hold information and conclusions for either a parasitic or mutualistic relationship. The final results can then be compared to similar works to see if this information holds true for other experiments and if conclusions are similar in any way. If so, the collected information can either debunk or verify what conclusions are wrong and right. This will overall provide what type of relationship, or relationships the oxpecker actually has with its animal host. In order to do this, each type of relationship separately must be looked at separately and more viable information must be found on each that can either prove or disprove the experiments final outcomes. The first experiment that was further evaluated was preformed back in 2004 at a local zoo located in northern Switzerland. This experiment will be a main focus, considering it shows perfect examples of both the parasitic and mutualistic types of oxpecker bird relationships. In this experiment, multiple rhinoceroses were placed in captivity and were relocated in two separate habitats within the zoo with a few oxpecker birds residing in each of the two separate habitats (McElligott et al. , 2004). In one of the habitats, the captive rhinoceroses were completely exposed to invading ticks and all of the other outside insects and factors (McElligott et al. , 2004). The other habitat holding the other captive rhinoceroses in the study, however, were treated and cleaned of ticks or oncoming pests daily before they came in any contact with the oxpecker birds (McElligott et al. , 2004). The daily lives and interactions of all the rhinoceros, their responses to the oxpecker bird’s presence and their overall tick abundance in each of the habitats were observed and recorded daily over a twenty-one day period (McElligott et al, 2004). Knowing that oxpeckers feed primarily on ticks and other pestering insects, it would be assumed that the oxpecker bird would completely clean the infested rhinoceros of all of its natural pests and predators. However, this predicted outcome was not always the case for the tick infested rhinoceroses habitat. For most of this study, the oxpecker birds would use its bill to pick off and eat only the tick that were located on and removed from the ungulate host (McElligott et al. , 2004). But almost halfway through the study, the oxpeckers feeding preference outcome had begun to change for the worst (McElligott et al. , 2004). The oxpecker birds would not only eat the ticks that they had been removing, but they also began to pick at the fresh, bleeding wounds that were left behind after the tick had been removed (McElligott et al. , 2004). The oxpecker bird’s newfound thirst for the host animals blood may be due to the fact that the tick meals are normally filled with the host animal’s blood before they are removed and eaten (Plantan, 2009). Therefore, the oxpecker birds acquired a taste for the animal’s blood through the tick and learned that they could obtain it by pecking and eating flesh straight from the animal’s body just as the ticks do (Plantan, 2009). These new open wounds, however, are not good for the host animal’s health. The wounds are left open to potential diseases and other pathogenic outside factors that may ultimately be deathly to the animal host (McElligott et al. , 2004). Therefore, this information and these results lead closer to the idea of a parasitic relationship because the oxpeckers are being fed and nurtured while the rhinoceros are only being eaten alive. In comparison to this portion of the experiment, another similar experiment was done to measure overall tick abundance with the absence of the oxpecker birds. Ticks were collected daily from the bodies of a herd of cattle in a field located in Zimbabwe (Weeks, 2000). The number of ticks that were collected from the cattle and the number of wounds the ticks had created were counted and recorded daily over a time span of one month (Weeks, 2000). The researchers then compared the absent oxpecker collected data to the data of the cattle that had been exposed to oxpecker birds (Weeks, 2000). The data of the cattle exposed to the oxpecker birds showed major differences to the oxpecker free cattle (Weeks, 2000). The results of both parts of the experiment showed that there was no real significance in the number of invading ticks that were removed from the cattle, but there was a big difference between the number of wounds that were left in the cattle body (Weeks, 2000). This showed that the oxpeckers were not really focused on eating the ticks, but more interested in the blood of the cattle and therefore hurting it in the end (Weeks, 2000). The first experiment with rhinoceros shows both a mutualistic side and a parasitic side to the oxpecker bird. In the presence of invading ticks, the oxpecker birds would eat the ticks as a primary meal but still began to create new wounds on the animal after a short period of time. This turned the oxpecker bird and rhinoceros’s relationship from being somewhat mutualistic to purely parasitic. In the second experiment comparison with the cattle, however, it was strictly a parasitic relationship between the two species. The cattle experiment debunks the empty conclusions that were missing from the rhinoceros experiment. This information shows that oxpecker birds really do not really have a preference for ticks as primary meals. The oxpecker birds prefer and feed mostly on the flesh and blood of animals they are using as their host. This type of interaction between the two is not only harmful to the current animal host, but also can prove to be very dangerous and deadly as well when it comes to the overall health of the animal host. In order to enhance and push closer towards the idea of a parasitic relationship, a single oxpecker bird was put into captivity within a habitat with an ungulate and was monitored to see if they ate mainly ticks or flesh of the ungulate host (Milius, 2000). The number of ticks that were removed and consumed by the oxpeckers and wounds that were fed upon and created were measured, recorded and monitored daily over a period of one month (Milius, 2000). Observations and recordings showed that invading ticks on the animal host body were chosen as a primary meal by the oxpecker birds 70% less then flesh or wounds of the animals were chosen (Milius, 2000). This shows that flesh was preferred more as a primary food source than the invading ticks. This information leads more towards a parasitic relationship between the oxpeckers and their hosts. In the case of the cleansed rhinoceros habitat in the previously explained experiment, the outcome and overall conclusions were not that much different in results from the tick infested rhinoceros habitat (McElligott et al. , 2004). Since there were no invading ticks or other pestering insects available for the oxpecker birds to remove or feast upon from the host, they needed to find a new, viable food source to eat daily in order to survive (McElligott et al. , 2004). The oxpecker birds would land upon the ungulates backs and since there were no invading ticks or flesh wounds currently present, they would begin to create new or fresh ones with their bill in order to begin their feeding process (McElligott et al. , 2004). The bird would peck and pull at the rhinoceros skin with their bill until they exposed tissue or caused blood to appear (McElligott et al. , 2004). The oxpecker birds would then feast upon whatever they had created or could get a hold of (McElligott et al. , 2004). The rhinoceros would try multiple times to shake the oxpeckers off of their bodies (McElligott et al. , 2004). This technique, however, did not always prove to be helpful or useful for the animal host (McElligott et al. , 2004). The oxpecker birds would fly away from the animal’s body for a short time, but would then return once the shaking had subsided (McElligott et al. , 2004). In a similar experiment, the same technique was used but impala were used as the host animal instead of rhinoceroses (Mooring and Mundy, 2000). Oxpeckers were free to land upon the clean, captive impala as they pleased, and both the impala responses to this oxpecker bird’s presence and oxpeckers actions were recorded over a period of time (Mooring and Mundy, 2000). The impala hosts did not mind the presence of the pestering oxpecker birds at first and would mostly just ignore their overall existence and intrusion as a whole (Mooring and Mundy, 2000). Without the presence of invading ticks as a primary meal, the oxpecker birds were forced to pick at old, scarred wounds (Mooring and Mundy, 2000). The oxpecker birds would then eat the flesh and blood of the impala host and would begin to create unnecessary new wounds on their skin if no previous ones were found (Mooring and Mundy, 2000). The impala host did not agree to this kind of behavior and started to viciously shake their bodies in order to try and remove the pestering oxpecker birds (Mooring and Mundy, 2000). The oxpecker birds, however, would not let this attempt to shake them send them away (Mooring and Mundy, 2000). Eventually, the oxpeckers would return within minutes after the impalas shaking subsided (Mooring and Mundy, 2000). These few experiments showed that when the ticks were no longer a factor for a primary meal source, the oxpecker birds immediately went for the blood and flesh of theircurrent animal hosts. These experiments only portrayed a parasitic relationship between the two since the rhinoceros and impalas were only being harmed by the oxpecker birds and were not benefiting from them at all (Mooring and Mundy, 2000) (McElligott et al. , 2004). This suggests that the oxpecker birds may prefer to eat flesh in place of ticks because it is more appealing and appetizing to them. Both the rhinocero s and impala animal hosts did not tolerate the oxpecker bird’s invading behavior and tried constantly to shake the oxpeckers off or fight back, but they ultimately failed. It shows that the animals did not want the oxpeckers to invade them and supports the idea of a parasitic relationship even more. In order to further enhance and verify the conclusions of all the experiments with parasitic outcomes, oxpecker birds should be placed in different cages with ticks and a piece of raw meat or animal flesh as primary meal choices. The oxpecker birds can then be studied and observed daily to determine what meal the oxpecker bird prefers to primarily eat over a period of time. This will determine if the oxpecker bird enjoys ticks for dinner or if they are truly blood driven creatures. An experiment was done similar to this explanation to further prove that the oxpeckers wanted flesh and blood of host animals instead of ticks for meal source. Oxpecker birds were captured and were then separated into three different types of cages; one cage containing just a piece of flesh from a dead animal, one containing just ticks, and another containing both sources of food (Plantan et al. , 2009). The animals were given fresh, replacement food each day and their preference was recorded daily over a period of time (Plantan et al. , 2009). In the first cage with both of the feeding preferences present, the animal host flesh was almost always preferred as the oxpecker birds primary food source while little to almost no ticks were feasted upon in the cage (Plantan et al. , 2009). The second cage with only animal host flesh present as a food source was almost always close to being all gone or was completely eaten by the end of the day (Plantan et al. , 2009). The third cage that contained only ticks for a food source were eaten scarcely by the oxpecker birds, mainly because that was the only food source present for the oxpecker to feast upon (Plantan et al., 2009). The results of this experiment show that the oxpecker birds preferred host animal flesh over ticks. Therefore, this shows that when the oxpecker birds land upon the animal hosts, they are not looking for invading ticks to feast upon (Plantan et al. , 2009). Instead, the birds are looking for wound in order to feed upon the animal’s flesh and blood. Regar dless of all the biting and pestering done by the oxpecker birds in each of the experiments presented, the oxpecker birds also proved to be sometimes helpful and beneficial to their animal hosts when it came to the experiment referring to the rhinoceros habitats. While removing invading ticks did not always seem like a positive interaction because of the flesh and wound eating that occurred after the tick was removed, there were also some positive results due to removing them from the rhinoceros body (McElligott et al. , 2004). The removing the ticks did stop most of the spread of diseases brought upon from the ticks from entering, overtaking and evidently killing the rhinoceros host that was being invaded by the tick (McElligott et al. , 2004). The survivability of the rhinoceros host also increased drastically when any potential diseases were no longer a health risk (McElligott et al., 2004). This suggested that the oxpeckers were actually helping the rhinoceros in some way, therefore giving evidence of a mutualistic relationship (McElligott et al. , 2004). To test if this is a true observation, another piece of work focusing on invading tick disease in wildlife was thoroughly examined to see if tick removal is truly beneficial to animal ho sts (Bengis et al. , 2002). In this particular experiment, a large group of livestock was isolated into two different sections of a field (Bengis et al. , 2002). One group of livestock was exposed to ticks and other pestering insects (Bengis et al. , 2002). The other group of livestock was clear of ticks and other potential pests daily (Bengis et al. , 2002). The livestock group without any tick or pest exposure was shown to have a 47% higher survivability rate than the livestock that was exposed any type of ticks (Bengis et al. , 2002). Any of the livestock that died during the course of the experiment were examined thoroughly to determine the cause of death (Bengis et al. , 2002). The test results of the deceased livestock showed that the animal had been bitten by an infected tick that most likely transmitted the malignant disease over a period of time to the unsuspecting livestock host, which evidently killed the animal overall (Bengis et al. , 2002). Overall, these results showed that removing ticks would benefit the animal hosts by removing the infection before it began to spread (Bengis et al. , 2002). This information gives insight on the mutualistic relationships between oxpecker birds and their host animals. The invading ticks however, were not the only substances that were being pecked at and removed from the rhinoceros hosts body and hair by the oxpecker birds (McElligott et al. , 2004). These oxpecker birds were also noted and observed removing and eating other types of pestering insects, such as flies, lice and fleas, from the rhinoceros hosts body and hair (McElligott et al. , 2004). The oxpecker birds were also sometimes seen feeding upon and picking at the loose dandruff and dry, dead skin that was present all over rhinoceros hosts body and hair (McElligott et al. , 2004). The oxpecker birds were also sometimes observed removing, and discarding the compacted ear wax that was forming in the rhinoceros hosts ears (McElligott et al. , 2004). These other bodily removals by the oxpecker birds were overall helpful and beneficial to the rhinoceros hosts health and appearance, rather than causing more harm or damage to the rhinoceros (McElligott et al. , 2004). This proved to be a sign of a mutualistic relationship between the two since the oxpecker bird is not only being fed and the rhinoceros host is also being cleaned as well (McElligott et al. , 2004). In a similar experiment, oxpecker birds were observed not only removing but also eating the earwax and dandruff off of other animal hosts such as giraffes, elephants, deer, zebras, etc. (Dickman, 1992). The earwax and dandruff from the animal host’s body provided protein to the oxpecker birds, benefitting their overall health and development (Dickman, 1992). The animal hosts benefit in two separate ways from this interaction with the oxpeckers (Dickman, 1992). The animal host’s ears are cleared of all of the earwax, meaning that they can detect and hear upcoming predators more easily than with their blocked ears (Dickman, 1992). Also, the dandruff removal from the animal hosts hair and body helps prevent rashes or other irritations from developing on the animal hosts skin (Dickman, 1992). This type of removal and eating habit benefits both the animal host and the pest (the oxpecker bird) of the interaction (Dickman, 1992). Therefore, this experiment gives evidence of a possible mutualistic relationship between the two parties. In summary, all of the experiments presented for this topic represented one or both of the parasitic and mutualistic relationships of  oxpeckers birds and their ungulate hosts. Each paper represented either a similar or an alternative experiment to other experiments. Their results either gave further support to or rejected the conclusions of the experiment all together. Both types of the oxpecker bird’s relationships were thoroughly investigated and proper examples of each type of relationship were provided. After many experiments and sometimes contrary results, it has been co ncluded that the oxpeckers have more a parasitic relationship with their ungulate hosts than a mutualistic relationship. Many of the experiments presented for this topic showed the oxpecker birds in a state where they were only harming there animal host and not giving them any benefit at all (McElligott et al. , 2004). The oxpecker birds, however, should not be seen as only harmful creatures. Even though they seem to do more harm than good, they also tend to help their animal hosts with predators, spread of infection, and other overall health benefits (Bengis et al. , 2002) (McElligott et al. , 2004). This type of research on oxpecker birds is very important for future studies as well. It is suggested that the oxpecker bird is currently on the verge of going extinct (Mellanby et al. , 2009). If the oxpecker bird is truly going extinct, it is suggested to be a positive thing to the ungulates since the oxpeckers will no longer be invaded and attacked by these animals (Mellanby et al. , 2009). Their extinction, however, can also prove to be very dangerous as well. While it would prevent animal hosts from being practically eaten alive, the overall health of these animal hosts will be in jeopardy because the oxpeckers will not be able to warn hosts of predators or stop the spread of infection (Mellanby et al.  , 2009). The oxpeckers birds may be considered a parasite, but it does not mean that these birds are not needed in the environment. These birds help in more ways than are known and they should not be seen as just a threat to their hosts. Their extinction should be monitored more carefully so this species does not disappear altogether. Without this species, it is unknown what may truly happen to the animals that the oxpecker birds interact with on a daily basis. The oxpeckers should always be given the benefit of the doubt because we never know what may arise if this creature just disappeared one day.