Lessons On How To Use Pendulums Environmental Sciences Essay

Throughout history, pendulums have been used for many different things. They have been used as tools for turn uping H2O, gold or other minerals ; they have aided in medical diagnosing or foretelling the gender of an unborn babe ; they have been used in combination with maps in turn uping points or people ; and have been used to reply inquiries or predict the hereafter. Dousing rods predate pendulums in use for some of the above mentioned countries. Dousing rods are normally either L-shaped metal rods or even a Y-shaped subdivision from a tree. Some water witchs prefer one signifier over the other when dousing for H2O, oil, gold or other minerals. However, they can non be used in such a broad spectrum as a pendulum nor are they as easy portable. Let ‘s go back to late 300 CE merely as an illustration of how far back in history there is recorded grounds of pendulum use as a divination technique. It is here that a adult male by the name of Ammianus Marcellinus was known as a baronial Roman historiographer. Among the tonss of texts he wrote on the current occurrences of his clip, you will happen a really interesting blend of heathen enigmas. He tells of many users of â€Å" the black humanistic disciplines † ; of swayers seeking the advocate of diviners who scryed for messages through H2O and fire ; you will besides happen some devising anticipations through astrological agencies. Amongst these recorded historical narratives, you will besides happen Marcellinus state the narrative of a group of plotters. This group non merely plotted the blackwash of a Roman emperor but they besides made usage of a pendulum-like device to happen the name of the following emperor. They did this by suspending a ring on a piece of yar n and utilizing it much like an Ouija board. Interesting, huh? You do n't happen excessively many narratives like that in the wars and events go oning in the universe as we know it now. However, shortly you will detect other interesting events that have happened even in our ain timeline ( or the timeline of our parents ) of pendulum usage. As I mentioned, pendulums are a much more moneymaking tool for the diviner because they can embrace so much more than the capablenesss of a dowse rod. Whether you believe the pendulum is replying a inquiry for you and is playing on your subconscious or if you believe the pendulum is being affected through religious agencies, no one truly knows for certain. All that is known is that it can and does work rather efficaciously. There are many interesting facts and narratives contained in an online book called Pendulums and Dowsing Rods that can be read here: hypertext transfer protocol: //brianstalin-pendulum.blogspot.com/ . Please read through this short but really interesting book! With a spot of diging into history, you will happen the narratives of the Inquisition and the accusals of witchery associated with it. You may besides happen recorded spots of swayers trusting on diviners or visionaries to help them in conflict or in doing determinations of province. You may besides happen the narratives of the alchemists and the hunt for the elusive philosopher ‘s rock. While you ‘re happening all this – you will besides happen assorted in between all those celebrated narratives, the narrative of the water witchs or H2O enchantresss. Sometimes you may even read about gypsy trains and the anticipations made with a ring on a twine. Seek and you shall happen sometimes in obvious topographic points and sometimes in the most pathetic of topographic points, spots and pieces of pendulum history. Assignments Post to Discussion Board Please portion with a few sentences what drew you in to taking this category. In the on-line book Pendulums and Dowsing Rods, name one individual stated in history who used a pendulum that you found interesting and what they used it for. What drew you to this individual? Minimum of 150 word essay ( it ‘s merely a large paragraph – do n't acquire scared ) . Post below Write a 300-500 word essay on pendulum usage in history. It can be on the same individual you wrote about for # 1 or a general â€Å" pendulum usage in history † essay. Please mention your beginnings for this assignment. LESSON TWO Terminology There are several different footings used for the different countries a pendulum can be used. A twosome of the footings most frequently used and will be used here are â€Å" pendulum dowse † and â€Å" pendulum divining. † Pendulum dousing refers to when a pendulum is used to seek for a specific mark or thing such as H2O, gold, or other minerals. Pendulum divining is the proper term when utilizing a pendulum to foretell the hereafter or supply information. Pendulums can besides used for dowse and radiesthesia. Both of these footings refer to dousing with a pendulum or divining rod. While they hold that in similarity, what the diviner is dousing for is rather different. Dowse is the proper term for dousing for concealed objects. These concealed objects can be H2O, minerals or other cherished artefacts. It can be lost points or even locating people. The of import thing to retrieve is this: dowse is the term used to happen things. Radiesthesia is besides used to â€Å" happen things † . It ‘s merely those things it is happening are of a much more delicate nature than that of person utilizing dowse. Radiesthesia can mention to all signifiers of dousing but it normally refers to medical dowse. It gets its name from the theory that all life organisms emit some sort of radiation or other emanation and it is this that can be detected through dowse. In order to utilize a pendulum for medical diagnosing, the diviner holds the pendulum above the patient and easy moves it about above the patient ‘s organic structure. The theory of how this works is this – when the pendulum is above a morbid portion of the organic structure, the pendulum is so repelled from the disease which causes the pendulum to swing or curve to maintain itself off from the illness inside the patient. The larger the cringle the pendulum makes, the more morbid that organ or country of the organic structure. In other words, ra diesthesia is for turn uping medical jobs while dowse is for turn uping objects. What is a pendulum? A pendulum is an object that has many different utilizations as you will larn through these categories. It can be for your ain personal energy work and can be used in enchantment work. It is a tool that can be used efficaciously to link to your subconscious, the spirit universe and for divination. Pendulums come in many different forms and can be made from different stuffs. You can buy a really fancy one or do a really simple one. A pendulum can be an elaborately carven rock or crystal wrapped in a beautiful wire design or merely consists of a stone on the terminal of a yarn. You can besides utilize a watchband with a appeal on the terminal or even a necklace with a pendent. Equally long as it is something that can freely travel, it can be used as a pendulum. I have even heard of person utilizing an ear bud when there was nil else available†¦ and it worked! The chief thing a pendulum consists of is a somewhat weighted object normally at the terminal of a short spot of concatenation that is able to travel freely and is able to swivel. The concatenation can be of varied lengths but the length a individual by and large wants in a pendulum is one where the pivot terminal is held with fingertips, your elbow remainders on a tabular array and the leaden terminal does non make the top of the tabular array thereby leting the weight to swing freely and of its ain agreement. As you can see, the varied lengths of pendulums that can be purchased in a store are due to the different lengths of a individual ‘s forearm – though the concatenation is by and large 6.5-7.5 inches long. If you find utilizing the pendulum works better with the concatenation at a shorter length, you can garner some of the concatenation in your fingers and keep the concatenation closer to the pendulum terminal. Another thing, if you are adept at working with jewell ery, you can shorten your concatenation by taking some links from the concatenation. However, I have seen pendulums for dousing much larger and used for standing instead than in a sitting place. There are besides times the concatenation is somewhat shorter every bit good. It is the ability for motion that is most of import. Assignments Below are the footings and definitions you will necessitate to retrieve to finish the assignment for this category. Radiesthesia – dowse to name medical issues Rhabdomancy – dowse to turn up points Dousing – the pattern of turn uping H2O or other concealed points Divining – the art of seeking to announce future events or detect hidden cognition Pendulum – a leaden object that is suspended from a fixed point yet is able to swing freely ; a tool that can be used to link to the subconscious, the spirit universe and for divination. LESSON THREE Choosing a Pendulum There are several different types of pendulums to take from if you decide to buy one. There is no specific type that is the â€Å" best † to acquire. Travel with what you are drawn to. It may be one made of wood or metal. It may be a pendulum that is a merely cut semi-precious rock. It may be a combination of all of the above or even none of the above. You may even make up one's mind to do one yourself if you are so cunningly inclined. However it happens, you need to acquire to cognize your pendulum merely as you would any other divination object. If you are familiar with the belongingss of rocks and crystals, this can assist you out in taking the right rock for you or for what it is you hope to carry through with your pendulum. If you are non familiar, so get down looking at what pendulum attracts your attending. Make note of what type of rock it is ( if it is made of a rock or crystal ) and look up the belongingss of that peculiar rock. If you happen to be shopping in a metaphysical shop, ask! Opportunities are the individual who works there will either cognize the reply or will cognize where to look it up and can assist steer you to do a terrific purchase! Making your ain pendulum is a really personal experience. It is besides non really hard if you have merely a few little tools and the inspiration. You can utilize either a spot of strong yarn, all right rope or a little concatenation ( this can be from a watchband, necklace or found in the jewelry-making subdivision of your favourite trade shop ) . You will necessitate something with a small spot of weight – it does non necessitate to needfully be heavy – merely heavier than your concatenation so that it will be able to utilize this weight to travel. Anything that weighs between 0.5-2 ounces is perfect. Traditionally, the pendulum is an object that comes to a point that hangs down. However, I have had merely every bit much fortune with a wire-wrapped semi-precious rock or a unit of ammunition ball form. The form and the stuff does non count every bit much as it being something that entreaties to you. You can utilize a bead at the top of the concatenation or a knot at th e top of the rope as a â€Å" grip † for your pendulum. I have made a pendulum by utilizing a hematite ring, set and distorted my ain concatenation utilizing a thin Cu wire and so wire-wrapped a ruddy tiger ‘s oculus rock at the terminal. I have besides made some pendulum watchbands which are nil more than a little spot of concatenation, a rock attached with a bond glued to the top and a clasp so you can have on it and ne'er be without your pendulum. I have used my pentagram necklace as a pendulum at times – I merely need to keep the concatenation in my custodies so it is non excessively long. An old household tradition of mine is to do a pendulum from a nuptials ring and a spot of yarn to foretell the gender of a babe. That was more of a â€Å" goad of the minute † pendulum and besides a reasonably common common people tradition. As you can see, there are many different ways one can be created. Sometimes the rock that you hold at the tip of the concatenation will be different than the leaden rock of the pendulum itself or merely as likely it will be a little rock to keep that is the same as the pendulum. You may besides come across metal or wood pendulums. Do n't dismiss the effectivity of these! Forests and metals have belongingss merely every bit good as different rocks and crystals. The best stake is to seek before you buy. However, if you are unable to be â€Å" in individual † and alternatively make some online shopping – cognition about what you are buying is ever the best stake. Whether you have made, purchased or been gifted a pendulum, delight retrieve to cleanse and bear down your pendulum merely as you would any of your other charming tools. Assignments Post to Discussion Board: Purchase or do a pendulum if you do non already have one. Describe how your pendulum looks. What drew you to this pendulum? How does it experience? How did you cleanse and bear down your pendulum? What do you experience is the most advantageous belongings associated with the stones/metal/wood that makes the leaden point of your pendulum? If there is a rock at the terminal of the concatenation that you hold, what rock is this and make you experience it has belongingss that besides help the pendulum move? Lesson Four Geting to Know Your Pendulum In the past few lessons you have learned a spot about the pendulum, it uses throughout history and you have one in your ownership – it is clip for you and your pendulum to acquire acquainted. This lesson and the undermentioned lesson will concentrate on the relationship edifice between you and your pendulum. You will go familiar with its motions and it will go familiar in reacting to your bids. The undermentioned lessons of exercisings will be important to fostering lessons and working with your pendulum in many different countries so acquire familiar with it and hold merriment! The first thing we have to make to acquire ready is to ready ourselves and our manner of thought. Most of us go through our day-to-day lives utilizing the left side of our encephalon – the analytical side. In order to tap into any kind of divination work ( and this goes for any kind – good beyond pendulums ) we need to cognize how to wake up and exert the right side of our encephalons – the originative and intuitive side. This intuitive side of our encephalon is how we can link to our subconscious, to the spirit universe and to the Godhead. Meditation is normally a good index on exerting this country of the encephalon. Particularly if your speculation pattern is non the â€Å" all must be stillness and quiet † sort but is, alternatively, the kind of speculation chapeau allows for ideas, images and whatever else flow approximately. Using a pendulum can really assist with this by giving the analytical side of your encephalon something to make ( a physical ob ject on which to concentrate ) go forthing the intuitive side of your encephalon to get down to stretch and work its admirations through your pendulum. Using a pendulum is portion you, portion pendulum and can besides include other parts ( liquors, the Godhead, etc. ) which we will discourse much later. Right now it ‘s all you, your subconscious and your pendulum. Subsequently in this series of categories, we will larn how to utilize the pendulum for spirit contact and even reach with the Divine. Many believe that each object, populating or otherwise, gives off electro-magnetic quivers. These â€Å" vibraphones † are what you will be experiencing or turn uping or tapping into along with the spirit world/subconscious/divine when making any pendulum work. Talk to your pendulum. State it you are its new proprietor ; you will maintain it safe and in return it can help you. The first manner it will help you is to let the two of you to acquire to cognize each other. You can even pet it and love it and call it if you like. Some people do call their pendulum because they set up rather an confidant relationship with this little and fantastic tool. Working with Your Pendulum Get yourself in a relaxed province. If you are in a fidgety temper so the pendulum and any exercisings will non work suitably for you. You need to be in a unagitated province. Your energy degree can be high but your organic structure and head can non be all jumpy. Meditate if demand be for a few minutes. Rather than speculation, you can besides take a few proceedingss to merely take a breath ( this works truly good for me ) . Just acquire your ego comfy and think of nil but your breath. Take in a deep breath, easy make fulling your lungs and your tummy. Keep it for a minute and so easy exhale. Breathe in the composure by easy inhaling that composure and so expire the heebie-jeebiess or excitedness or whatever has got you in a non-relaxed temper. Continue this slow deep external respiration. I am normally relaxed after making three good long deep breaths. It may take more for you or less – it is different for different people but as a general regulation, three is reasonably goo d. Keep the terminal of the concatenation between your pollex and index leting the concatenation to swing down with the leaden terminal hanging free and your cubitus resting on the border of a tabular array to maintain you stabilized. Keep the terminal steadfastly but slackly leting freedom of motion for the pendulum and maintaining yourself relaxed. If need be, utilize your other manus to calm the pendulum because you will desire it to be held still and non traveling at this clip. If there is a little shudder, that is all right but do maintain note that a little shudder in the pendulum is non an existent motion. Any motions your pendulum will do will be clear and concise motions whether they are singing or round motions. The little shudder is normally your ain motion impacting the pendulum somewhat. If this is your first clip in utilizing a pendulum or if it has been some clip since utilizing one, you will necessitate to pattern a few exercisings foremost to â€Å" acquire in form † . Practice these exercisings at least one time a twenty-four hours for the following hebdomad. You may go on to pattern these exercisings for longer, every bit long as you feel you are acquiring good responses from your pendulum and you are confident in the motions. Keep your pendulum as instructed antecedently and mentally inquire your pendulum to do clockwise circles. You can voice your bid every bit good if you feel comfy but this is non necessary. Since you are exerting the intuitive country of your encephalon, will the pendulum to make your command. It may non react right off. You may necessitate to wheedle it by gently utilizing your manus to swing it in that round gesture. Then halt it and once more will the pendulum to travel in a clockwise circle. Once the pendulum is responding decently, state it to halt and it should halt. You may necessitate to halt it yourself but so will it to swing once more and acquire it to listen to your mental stop bid. Once this is working satisfactorily, you can so get down to play with it holding it swing in smaller or larger circles and halting. After you ‘ve got the clockwise gesture down-pat, travel onto counter-clockwise circles in the same mode. Again, doing bigger and smaller circles and halting in a counter-clockwise gesture. When you have become successful at holding your pendulum create the round motions, so it is clip to seek a back and forward swing and so to swing from side to side. Use the same mental bids, halting between each new bid and get downing once more as you did when making circles. You can besides do it swing faster and wider or slower and smaller. This might look silly at first, but it is assisting to make a connexion between you and your pendulum. It is besides assisting to exert that right side of your encephalon and acquiring that intuitiveness fluxing good before traveling on. This will besides assist you at a ulterior clip when you will get down inquiring your pendulum inquiries. How so? Because you will cognize what a commanded swing feels like and when it is a gesture you did non command, but one that comes from another beginning ( your deep subconscious, liquors or the Godhead ) you will be able to experience the difference. It is that â€Å" feeling † that turns it into a â€Å" knowing † . Assignments Post to Discussion Board Practice the exercisings from the lesson with your pendulum at least one time a twenty-four hours every twenty-four hours for at least a hebdomad and maintain path of your consequences. How did you experience when first acquiring acquainted with your pendulum? Did you experience silly or were you comfy? Did you call it and if so, what name did you give it? How many times did you have to try the round exercising before your pendulum responded? Did you have any troubles? How long did it take your pendulum to react to the vacillation exercisings? Did you have any troubles? Which exercising do you experience was easier to finish – circles or swings? Why do you believe that is? Lesson Five More Exercises In the old lesson we got familiar with our pendulums and were able to command their motions. In this lesson there will be more motion bids but these will be done somewhat otherwise and you do n't necessitate excessively many particular tools. What you are traveling to necessitate is yourself, your pendulum, a tabular array or other level surface to work on, three coins and three cups. Two of the coins must hold the same day of the month and they should all be of the same denomination ( pennies are normally truly good for these exercisings ) . Take the two coins that are the same denomination and day of the month. Put them about a manus width apart on your surface. Keep your pendulum as you were taught antecedently with the pendulum hanging over the infinite between the coins. Now, here is the cockamamie inquiry you askaˆÂ ¦ Ask your pendulum to state you which coins are the same. Yes, it is silly but it will do sense shortly. Your pendulum will either swing over the two coins or it will do a round gesture over the two coins. Once it has answered your inquiry right, state it to halt. Following, topographic point three coins on the surface about a custodies width apart in a triangular form. This clip two of the coins must be the same and the 3rd coin is different. It can be a different day of the month or denomination -that does n't count. It merely needs to be different. Again, inquire your pendulum to demo you the two coins that are the same. The pendulum will swing between the two coins that are the same. When it has completed this undertaking successfully, state it to halt. It truly is first-class pattern to acquire into this wont after each and every bid or inquiry. You can go on exchanging out coins and proving your pendulum in this manner until you are satisfied your pendulum is working in this mode decently. The following measure is to convey out the cups and maintain one coin. Put the coin on the surface and topographic point a cup inverted over the coin. Put the other cups inverted on the surface every bit good. Skid the cups around the surface blending up their order until you are diffident which cup has the coin underneath. Now, with your cups in a line and keeping the pendulum so it dangles in forepart of the line of cups but besides doing certain it is several inches off. You will necessitate room for its motions. Ask the pendulum to indicate to the cup with the coin underneath. This is a small trickier and it may take a small while before your pendulum begins acquiring the right reply. Do n't give up! It is a larning procedure non merely for your pendulum but besides for your ego and your right encephalon! Normally, I would state you that your pendulum is a serious divination tools and to non utilize it for playing game. Seriously, it is. You would non utilize your tarot cards to play fire hook, right? Or your set of runic letters for a different kind of balls and knuckleboness game, right? The same holds true for your pendulum. These â€Å" games † we are playing now are exercisings for you and your new tool. They are to be used to better aid you along in farther usage with your pendulum. This will go apparent when we get to that lesson. Your pendulum is a serious tool and should be treated as such. It is non to be used for parlour fast ones. Practice these exercisings every bit frequently as you can or necessitate to in order to set up a good working relationship with your pendulum. These are a little more hard and may necessitate a little more clip – particularly the last exercising. Do non give up hope! You can make it! Assignments Post to the Discussion Board Truthfully, how silly did you experience inquiring your pendulum to demo you the two indistinguishable coins when there truly was merely two indistinguishable coins? Did you have any troubles with any of the exercisings? How many attempts did it take before you and your pendulum were able to right place the coin under the cup? What do you believe these exercisings will take to in making different divining techniques in the hereafter? Lesson Six Divining with Yes/No Questions In the past few lessons you have learned a spot about the pendulum, it uses throughout history, you have one in your ownership and the two of you have gotten a small acquainted. Now it is clip for you and your pendulum to acquire down to some merriment material and a small divination type of work larning the most common manner people use this tool for divination – replying yes and no inquiries. Keep the terminal of the concatenation between your pollex and index leting the concatenation to swing down with the leaden terminal hanging free and your cubitus resting on the border of a tabular array to maintain you stabilized. If need be, utilize your other manus to calm the pendulum because you will desire it to be held still and non traveling at this clip. Ask it â€Å" Show me Yes † . It may non react instantly but it will react. If needed repetition the inquiry. You want it to set up a definite swing and non merely a little small frisson. It does non hold to swing so far or fast that it threatens to take out an oculus – but it does necessitate to demo you a definite motion so you can set up a on the job form. Remember which manner it was singing ( right-to-left or back and frontward ) because this will be established as the reply â€Å" Yes † to a Yes/No Question you ask it. â€Å" No † should swing the opposite manner of â€Å" yes † . In other words, if â€Å" yes † was right-to-left so â€Å" no † will be normally be back and frontward. Be certain to state the pendulum â€Å" Stop † between each different motion and bid. It is good to acquire in this wont now because it is one that will be used ever when working with your pendulum. Sometimes, and this juncture seems pretty rare, a pendulum will travel doesil and widdershins for â€Å" yes † and â€Å" no † . This could even go on for â€Å" possibly † or â€Å" do n't cognize † . However, it will non go on for both or all. Each answer the pendulum will give you is alone to the pendulum but is besides ever the same. If â€Å" yes † is back and forward it will ever be back and frontward. Likewise, â€Å" no † will ever be left-to-right and so on nevertheless your pendulum has made this clear. You can even set up â€Å" possibly † and â€Å" do n't cognize † in the same manner. Be certain between each clip you tell your pendulum â€Å" Stop † . We need to set up these replies of â€Å" possibly † and â€Å" do n't cognize † every bit good because sometimes the reply is non unequivocal. Many times, people will make a board to transport with their pendulum to reply merely such inquiries. The board can be every bit simple or every bit fancy as you want it. It can be a board with the waies painted or wood-burned into the surface ; a piece of cloth with the waies drawn, stitched or painted on ; or even a piece of paper. Here is an illustration of what your board may look like: Establishing this good working relationship with your pendulum will profit you as a novitiate pendulum diviner and will still be a endowment you will go on to utilize as a maestro diviner. You may even go so familiar with the motions of your pendulum that you will no longer necessitate your Yes/No board. Whether or non this is true, the manner your pendulum moves in reply to the inquiries will ever be the same. This holds true whether you are tapping into your ain subconscious ideas and feelings ( as we are with this lesson ) or whether you are working with the spirit universe and the Godhead ( in subsequently categories ) . Be certain when you are inquiring your pendulum yes/No inquiries that you are non concentrating on a specific reply because you will it to be so. If you do this, so your pendulum will either respond to the mental bid you are giving it or it will be confused and non respond at all. Alternatively, inquire the inquiry with an attitude of â€Å" I wonder what the result will be? † Besides, maintain in head the reaction of the reply the pendulum gives you. If it is a full and good swing so you answer is rather definite. If it is a more halfhearted swing, so the reply could be â€Å" yes † ( or whichever manner the pendulum was singing ) but a â€Å" yes † that could be more unequivocal with other factors in topographic point. Another thing, if your pendulum does non travel it could be due to a refusal to reply the inquiry you asked. paraphrase it and see if you can acquire an reply so. Last, stick to your ain ethical motives and codification of moralss. If it is again st your beliefs to be glancing in on others, so make non make it with your pendulum either. Stick to your ain comfort zone and boundaries in ethical motives and moralss merely as you would in any other divination or magickal state of affairs. Assignments Post in the Discussion Board: Print out and/or create a pendulum board ( click nexus below for image with words to cut out if inclined to make so & A ; topographic point in countries ) so you can hold a paper one OR you can acquire more originative and do your ain out of another stuff. Describe how you made your pendulum Yes/No board and the swing of your pendulum swings for each way. PENDULUM BOARD TO PRINT Post below: Ask your pendulum a series of inquiries ( 3-5 inquiries ) . Record the inquiries and replies here. Do you experience your pendulum gave you accurate replies to your inquiries? Lesson Seven Personal Energy Work Now that you have a pendulum and you ‘ve established a good yes/no/maybe/do n't cognize relationship, allow ‘s travel on to research other ways you can work with your pendulum. These following few exercisings in this lesson will assist steer you into making some energy work with your pendulum. As a magickal practician of any kind, you should already cognize that there is energy all around you and within you. This energy is what you use when directing out any kind of enchantment work. There is besides energy within you and environing your organic structure. This is called your energy field. If you have of all time had an aura reading done or an aura image taken, this is the energy the camera or reader is sing – the energy that surrounds your organic structure. When you raise energy either through enchantment work, ritual work or even heightened emotions this energy field is besides raised and spreads out farther from your organic structure. In this first exercising, you are traveling to utilize your pendulum to observe the energy field around you. State your pendulum, â€Å" Show me my energy field. † Remember to utilize a steady manus, rest your cubitus on a tabular array border if need be and let your pendulum freedom of motion. It will get down to swing about in either a doesil ( clockwise ) or widdershins ( counter-clockwise ) gesture. Whichever manner it swings, does n't intend anything. It is the act of the motion itself that you ‘re concentrating on. If your energy field is high, the round gesture of the pendulum will be fast and broad. If your energy field is low, so the round gesture of the pendulum will be little and slower. In this following exercising, we are traveling to concentrate on raising and take downing your energy field through the usage of your pendulum. When your energy field is high and you are holding problem foundation, this simple act can really assist you to anchor. As the pendulum does its round gesture of fast and big, state it to decelerate down. State it to assist convey in your energy field. Sometimes, this will take a few proceedingss and sometimes it is a affair of minutes but finally the pendulum will decelerate down and the round gesture will acquire smaller. Continue with this exercising until you feel the pendulum has helped you to acquire your energy degree to a more manageable province and so state the pendulum â€Å" Stop † . Similarly, you can use your pendulum to assist raise energy if it is low. This is done in precisely the opposite manner of take downing the energy field. You do this by stating your pendulum you want your energy raised. Depending on how low your energy degree was to get down with will depend on how easy your energy degree is raised. Another blocker in either instance will be either your willingness to let the energy field to be raised or lowered. You truly necessitate to be in a province of head of credence of this happening so that you do non acquire discouraged. The elevation of an energy field can sometimes be a small more hard than take downing it. Once your energy field is raised, state the pendulum â€Å" Stop. † Repeat the procedure of take downing your energy field by utilizing your pendulum until you are at a manageable energy province once more and once more state the pendulum to â€Å" Stop. † This will assist you in larning another manner to maintain your en ergies in balance. Continue with this pattern until you are comfy in acknowledging your energy field every bit good as raising and take downing your energy field. Then finish the assignments below. Assignments – Post to Discussion Board When you foremost used your pendulum to observe your energy field, what was the consequence? Was your energy high or low? Make it observe it right or make you experience the pendulum did non accurately observe your personal energy field? Raise your energy field by utilizing your pendulum. How long did it take to carry through this? How does it do you experience? Now lower your energy field to a manageable or comfy degree. How long did it take to carry through this? How do you experience now? Do you experience comfy utilizing your pendulum in this pattern for your ain energy field? Lesson Eight More Energy Work The old lesson we learned how to make balance in the energy field for ego by raising and lowering/speeding up and decelerating down the round gesture of the pendulum. This was accomplished through many different channels. It was through your bid of the pendulum and its motions. It was besides through utilizing your right encephalon and tapping into your subconscious to command your energy field. I told you that those earlier gestures lessons were traveling to stop up paying off – and we have hardly even scratched the surface! These following energy field exercisings will necessitate the cooperation of another individual. For this following 1 we will be turn uping border of another ‘s energy field/aura. First, you ( the diviner ) will stand following to another individual. Right following to them. Keep out your pendulum and inquire it to demo you their energy field. Your pendulum should get down to swing broad and fast or travel in a big round gesture. As you slowly travel off from your spouse, the pendulum ‘s swing should decelerate until it becomes smaller and Michigans when you are at the border or merely outside the boundary of their energy field. If you take a measure near them once more, the pendulum should so pick up its impulse once more. Try this either with different people or with different degrees of energy. Emotions can play a big portion in the size of a individual ‘s energy field. Angry emotions tend to be held tighter and closer to a individual as do feelings of apprehensiveness. Happiness tends to make big nergy Fieldss around a individual. Have some merriment and laugh, so seek this exercising once more. If your spouse is a practician of the trade, they can seek some things as you approach or travel off with your pendulum. They can seek to screen themselves and see how that affects your pendulum. They can seek to raise energy in other ways ( similar to raising energy during ritual or for spell work ) and see how that affects your pendulum and how it reacts to their energy field. In this following exercising, you ( the diviner ) will hold your dorsum to your spouse. Keep your pendulum out in forepart of you. Now have your friend move easy and softly towards you but you truly necessitate to be incognizant of their propinquity to you. If need be, someway hold your ears plugged so you can non hear their attack. At the beginning of this exercising, state your pendulum it is to travel when your spouse stairss into your energy field. When your spouse comes to the border and/or crosses the boundary line line of your energy field, your pendulum should swing to alarm you of their attack. This exercising can be a spot more hard and sometimes does non work ab initio. A batch depends on the working relationship you have established with your pendulum. Stick with it and shortly you can go an unstoppable divinatory brace! Decision This full category is a basic lesson in how to run your pendulum, use it for some simple energy work and some really basic divination techniques you can make by inquiring yes/no type inquiries. Those types of inquiries can truly pay off in the long tally. You merely necessitate to inquire several of them and through the different replies you can find a batch. You can even believe of it as a game of â€Å" 20 Questions † where you need to inquire a batch of inquiries in order to come to a decision. Working with your pendulum in this mode can be rather good in many different ways – far excessively many to even get down to advert here. I hope you have enjoyed this category and in going acquainted with your new tool and friend! Assignments Post to the Discussion Board How good did the energy exercises with a spouse work for you? What difficulties did you face, if any? What ways can you believe of to utilize a pendulum in working with energy that was non mentioned in this category? How frequently do you believe you will now be utilizing your pendulum? Did you bask this category? What is so far your favourite portion of utilizing your pendulum? What was your favourite exercising? LESSON ONE – Mentions: hypertext transfer protocol: //penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/29*.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pendulums.com/history.htm The Little Big Book of Magick by DJ Conway LESSON TWO – Mentions: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.experiencefestival.com/radiesthesia hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pendulums.com/dowsing.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.azuregreen.net/Pendulums/products/85/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary LESSON FIVE – Mention: The Big Little Book of Magick by DJ Conway

Activities of Investment Banking Essay

The Investment bank is the financial institution which assists the governments, corporations and the individuals in raising the capital by acting or underwriting as the agent of the client in issuance of securities. The investment bank can also help the companies which are involved in acquisitions and mergers, and offer ancillary services like the trading of the derivatives, market making, foreign exchanges, instruments of the fixed income, equity securities and commodities. Unlike the retail banks and commercial banks, the investment banks don’t take the deposits. There are commonly two main channels in the process of investment banking. Trading the cash for securities like market making, facilitating transactions or for cash or for the promotion of the securities like research, underwriting is known as the sell side, while correlate with the mutual funds, hedge funds, pension funds and investment public comprises the buy side. Various companies have sell and buy side components. What are the main activities of the investment banking? The investment banking is generally split into back office, middle office and front office activities. While the big service investment banks provide all the channels of the business both buy side and sell side. The little sell side investment companies like as the small broker dealers and the boutique investment banks focus on the trading/sales/research and investment banking respectively. The Investment banks also provide services to both the investors buying securities and the corporations issuing securities. For the corporations, the investment banking provide information on how and when to place the securities on the open market, this activity is very much important to the reputation of any investment bank. Thus, the investment bankers play a key role in issuing the new offerings of the securities. Other activities of the investment banking: Apart from the main activities, there are some additional activities, in which the process of investment banking is involved. These are: †¢ Global transaction banking: This part is the division of investment banking which offers custody services, cash management, security brokerage and lending services to various institutions. Hedge funds with Prime brokerage is especially a risky as well as profitable business. †¢ Merchant banking: This process is also known as the â€Å"very personal banking†. The merchant banks provide capitals in exchange for the share ownerships and also provide information on strategy and management. The term merchant banking is also used to define the private equity part of any company. †¢ Investment management: This service offers professional management of several securities like bonds, shares and of other assets like real estate to meet with certain goals of investment for the profit of the investors. These investors can be institutions like pension funds, insurance companies, corporations and many more or the private investors. †¢ The investment management division of an investment bank is generally divided into separate groups, often known as Private Wealth Management and Private Client Services. †¢ Merchant banking is also a name used to describe the private equity side of a firm.Merchant Banking: Past and Present Current examples include Defoe Fournier & Cie. and JPMorgan’s One Equity Partners and the original J.P. Morgan & Co. Rothschilds, Barings, Warburgs and Morgans were all merchant banks. (Originally, â€Å"merchant bank† was the British English term for an investment bank.) Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/finance-homework-help/

X-ray Exposure Components Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

X-ray Exposure Components - Essay Example the electrons’ speed is given by kVp (kilovolt potential) which then determines the x-ray beam’s penetration, thus impacting the x-ray production’s efficiency, and determining the level of image contrast. The right kVp yields differential x-ray immersion of dense and soft anatomic structures. Increasing kVp results in an increase in the penetration of an x-ray beam. If kVp is set too low, the resultant image will be devoid of density leading to a sooty or a whitewashed appearance while in case of too high kVp, the resultant image will be too dark and over exposed. The kVp controls the electrons’ energy as they displace across the tube, or it may be said that kVp controls the electron’s speed. Therefore, the higher tube potential (kVp), the larger will be the affect of the electrons. Moreover, the greater the tube potential the greater will be the penetration. Thus, kVp monitors the beam quality by monitoring the x-ray beam energy (Gray et al., 1983) . The tube intensity and exposure time could be an unequalled exposure factor (mAs). The factor, â€Å"mAs† refers to the rate of electrons flow in a predetermined time. Where, mA refers to tube current while s denotes time in seconds. Thus the two exposure factors work in combination to control the quantity of electrons discharged at the cathode and afterward the quantity of x-rays developed at the anode. The milliampere seconds (mAs) ascertains the quantity of x-rays developed per unit time, while the quantity of x-rays arriving at the film ascertains the scale of film’s blackening. Both of these factors monitor and adjust the exposure factor’s quantitative character. These exposure factors determine and influence the quality and quantity of the x-ray beam (Hecker, & Garreau, 2012). Another important factor is the distance between the focus and detector that impacts the x-ray exposure. This relationship is quite simple as the nearer the x-ray tube is placed to the film the higher will be the intensity

Boiler Room from legal perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Boiler Room from legal perspective - Essay Example The basic function of this firm is to sell illegal drugs like Cocaine to the public in order to make enormous profits. For a firm to achieve this function the movie used some normal residents to do the work of trafficking and selling drugs to the public that is illegal. Unreasonably, Seth falls in the trap of the firm by being a client. By doing this the firm abuses the law that one should not be found in possession, manufacturing or even sale of the illegal drugs. For the firm is to be accused of possessing and distributing of illegal drugs. The effects of the three steps are that those drugs may cause death to the users, may also cause serious health problems to the users also and may also cause violence, which may pose threats affecting everyone’s safety leading to a non-peaceful state. According to the law penalties on illegal drugs are based on three elements and which are: The quantity of the drug, the type of the drug and the purpose of possession. On the quantity of drug, there is a bigger penalty for people, organizations and firms who are found in possession of a large quantity of drugs than one got with just a small amount of the drug. Generally, possessors of drug selling organizations are supposed to get weighty charges like 25years in jail without parole. The second one is on the drug, which is based on their potential for dependency in contrast to medicinal drugs whereby possession of more potential drugs calls for a bigger penalty than just mere possessors of no potential drugs. According to the law, it is a more serious crime having illegal drugs for sale other than having them for subsistence use. Due to this, possession of drugs for sale to other will face more serious charges and penalty than possessing drugs for personal use. For instance possessing a small amount of drug for personal use the charges may yield to $10000 fine while possessing drugs for sale may

The Technology of Netflix Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Technology of Netflix - Research Paper Example There are not many companies properly involved in the online renting of movies. Moreover, Netflix plays by keeping its cost low as it tries to attract customers to frequently use its services instead of getting movies from stores or going to cinemas. Analysts believe that Netflix is now facing a tough competition in the face of other companies such as Amazon and Apple, which have also started to provide online movie services at an affordable rate. Furthermore, the cost differentiation strategy used by Netflix has been pretty successful is retaining â€Å"frequent watchers† who use the service frequently. Alongside, the company’s differentiation strategy has allowed it to get accessed by customers who avoid going to stores and want to watch movies from the comfort of their homes. Porter’s Five Forces model was discovered in 1979 by Mr. Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School. This model is used to give five factors that can be used to determine the stage of rivalry within a business. This would subsequently be used to determine the attractiveness of a market. Market attractiveness can be understood in terms of the overall profit levels achieved by an industry. To start off, Porter’s Five Forces model consists of the following five forces, namely threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers, the threat of substitutes and competitive rivalry in an industry. The application of each of these factors to Netflix will now be done to show how this business model works. The easier it is for new corporations to come into in the same business line as Netflix, the tougher would the competitive environment be. For any competitor to start up an online movie rental company, it would require enormous sums of money. Considering the amount of investments that would need to be made in setting contracts

The representation of Chicanos in films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The representation of Chicanos in films - Essay Example The depiction of Chicanos as gang bandits is unfair.The Chicanos incorporated the style to invoke change regarding other people’s perception. These messages affirmed traces of change. The article states that stereotyping affects a wide range of ethnicities and not necessarily Chicanos. All ethnic groups have cultures that show that their dirt, vile and uncivilized practices. The article attributes the fishing of compliments in movies as a cause of the negative stereotyping. Amongst Mexican Americans, the expression of self-derogatory occurs through scatological joking (Noriega 185). The reaction towards rebellion emanate through jokes. Individuals found it more comfortable to attack stereotypes against minorities through comedy. Chicanos show resistance against the negative image depiction in US movies through creation of informational lyrics in their films. The article praises Chola as a culture that that portrays fierceness and subversion. Most artists embrace the Chola style to invoke feminine fierceness and rebellion. In this article, the incorporation of Cholas has a significance of exemplifying remarkable strength and artistic independence that is relevant for survival in a society, especially in the existent of racism that has thwarted a society’s social mobility. The power in cholas is evident in their capability to deal with gangsters, warfare, poverty, and violence. The article affirms in cultural appropriations that the Chola tradition signifies struggle and tough life in gaining identity (Fregoso 322).

A series suggestion of principles and strategies that could be Essay

A series suggestion of principles and strategies that could be employed to create more urban ecovillages and sustainable urban n - Essay Example The explosion of technologies of the 1700s caused by the unbridled combustion of fossil fuels and a greater than seven fold increase in human numbers has put at risk the very basis of the earth’s social and institutional resiliencies. The beginnings of the perception of the changing natural environment and its repercussions were felt in the early 19th century itself when Henry David Thoreau (1854) published his book Walden. The movement to preserve the environment started in the 1960s in the form of the Green Anarchist movements. Murray Bookchin also in the 1960s put forward the social issues effecting the environment at the time and went on to coin the term social ecology in 1974. His belief was that all environmental problems were rooted in deep- seated social problems. Ecovillage Concept and Sustainability Over the years that followed ecology and conservation gained momentum as the period of industrialisation and economic development in terms of productivity and cost- benef it ratios grew. Urban areas expanded exponentially with little or no concern for the ecological quotient. Concern for the environment brought interest in the study on environmental mapping along with the growing realization that the parameters that determine the quantity of industrial productivity and economics don’t add up to an increased happiness quotient or quality of life for humans and the biodiversity. The realisation that the environment was reaching appoint of no return gave way to the ethos of sustainable development and a quest to achieve sustainability through judicious use of resources. The advent of the ecovillage concept or the sustainable neighbourhood initiative was one such effort to mitigate and arrest the loss of habitat and to take nature as a component in the economics and ecology of human living. Hildur and Ross Jackson the pioneers in this field, set up the Gaia Trust In 1987. Their 20 years experience in cohousing gave a head start to the Danish ecovi llage network. The ecovillage concept continued without any set definition or principles until 1991 when The Gaia Trust entrusted Diane and Robert Gilman to identify and report on the best ecovillages. The report Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities carried the definition of an ecovillage as stated by Gilman as â€Å"a human scale, full-featured settlement, in which human activities are harmlessly integrated into the natural world, in a way that is supportive of healthy human development and can be successfully continued into the indefinite future.† In 1993 Gaia Trust also took the initiative to form the Danish Ecovillage Network and in 1995 at the fall conference of the Gaia Trust at Findhorn Where 400 people from ecovillages from across the world participated the Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) was launched. This global ecovillage concept has now come to transcend the urban-rural dichotomy and is fast becoming the post industrial way of organizing society at the grassroo ts level. Principles Successful neighbourhood initiatives are being based on certain universal principles of sustainability, self reliance and social integrity. These are broadly classified into four components- the social, ecological, economical and spiritual/cultural components. Hildur Jackson (1998) on the other hand visualized the elements in an ecovillage in the form of 4 dimensions-earth, air, fire and water. In each she placed another set of 4 categories of determinants that would

HOUSING SYSTEMS (urban planning) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

HOUSING SYSTEMS (urban planning) - Essay Example Policy makers of United States and Dutch have commonality of looking forward for renewal and revitalization. These renewal and revitalization are not just physical improvements but it incorporates the socializing aspect as well. A certain portion of self-efficacy is also involved in this renewal process. The measures and means of Dutch and America to attain this goal can be different but the final outcome of both the nations is same. (Varady, David P. and Karien Dekker, 2011) The recommendations about policies, driven from this information cannot be described clearly. Perhaps, the policy makers of Dutch want to learn from United States’ better approach to management. This can lead to a dramatic improvement for the safety of the sites of HOMES VI. A substantial dependence is on the marketing network which needs to play a key role in making a positive of these sites of revitalization. These efforts can be effective only when the social culture supports them. The anti social families and other multi problems need to be screened out. This would be a challenging task for Dutch policy makers and politicians. American policy maker Susan Popkin is looking for new different ways to house families having multi problems but there is no easy way to do such a complex issue. America can benefit Dutch policy makers because they have healthy experience of linking housing mobility with the revitalization of public housing in order to move to low poverty and healthy areas. It might be a challenging task to relocate this American rhetoric to Netherlands. The reasons include that many of the residents want to remain close to their relatives and family members and other institutions. They are also at ease with cheap social housing. However, housing mobility cannot be said as a poverty panacea. There are numbers of efforts required to monitor

United States in the 1960s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

United States in the 1960s - Essay Example The Civil rights act was meant to solve discriminatory issues and practices in segregated areas of the USA. The act enabled the term extension of the Civil rights Commission (which was previously a two year fixed term), to ensure proper oversight of the registration and voting practices (DeKoven, 2004). President Dwight Eisenhower signed the act into law, and it eliminated legal loopholes found in the 1957 Civil Rights Act. Post modernism during the late 20th century entailed movements in the criticism, arts and architecture that departed from modernism. Postmodernism entails skeptical interpretations or analysis of architecture, literary criticism, culture, philosophy, history, arts, economics and fiction. Postmodernism is at times associated with several movements that acted against tendencies of modernism, and are generally marked by historical elements (Palmer, 2009). For example; Jane Jacob’s book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities published in 1961, represented a critique of urban planning. This is because the book was written within modernism, and illustrated change form modernity to postmodernism in urban planning issues. Part of the cold war phase was experienced in the 1960s in the USA; for example the duration after the Cuban Missile crisis towards the end of 1962, and the beginning of the dà ©tente duration in 1969. The USA engages in cold war with the Soviet Union in the 1960s, despite internal issues like John Kennedy’s assassination, anti-Vietnam war movements, and the civil rights movements. In 1968, Czechoslovakia started reforms; however, the reforms halted when the Soviet Union invaded the country. The cold war led to division in the third world. Governments like Libya supported the soviets; on the contrary, governments like Saudi Arabia supported the west were USA is represented (Heale, 2005). The USA economy started the 1960s with a recession. In 1961, the unemployment

Six Stroke Ic Engine Essay Example for Free

Six Stroke Ic Engine Essay 1. INTRODUCTION A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression. Diesel engines have wide range of utilization for automobiles, locomotives marines and co-generation systems. However, large problem is still related to undesirable emission. The six-stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine based on the four-stroke engine but with additional complexity to make it more efficient and reduce emissions. Two different types of six-stroke engine have been developed: In the first approach, the engine captures the heat lost from the four-stroke Otto cycle or Diesel cycle and uses it to power an additional power and exhaust stroke of the piston in the same cylinder. Designs use either steam or air as the working fluid for the additional power stroke. The pistons in this type of six-stroke engine go up and down three times for each injection of fuel. There are two power strokes: one with fuel, the other with steam or air. The currently notable designs in this class are the Crower Six-stroke engine invented by Bruce Crower of the U.S. ; the Bajulaz engine by the Bajulaz S.A. company of Switzerland; and the Velozeta Six-stroke engine built by the College of Engineering, at Trivandrum in India. The second approach to the six-stroke engine uses a second opposed piston in each cylinder that moves at half the cyclical rate of the main piston, thus giving six piston movements per cycle. Functionally, the second piston replaces the valve mechanism of a conventional engine but also increases the compression ratio. The currently notable designs in this class include two designs developed independently: the Beare Head engine, invented by Australian Malcolm Beare, and the German Charge pump, invented by Helmut Kottmann. To improve exhaust emissions from diesel engines, a new concept of Six Stroke Engine has been proposed. This engine has a second compression and combustion processes before exhaust process. [pic] Fig 1 Diesel engine sectional view Fig 2 Ideal Otto cycle [pic] Fig 3 Pressure- Volume diagrams for dual cycle As the fuel in one cycle was divided into two combustion processes and the EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) effect appeared in the second combustion process, the decreased maximum cylinder temperature reduced Nitrous Oxide (NO) concentration in the exhaust gas. It was further confirmed that soot formed in the first combustion process was oxidized in the second combustion process .Therefore, a six stroke diesel engine has significant possibilities to improve combustion process because of its more controllable factors relative to a conventional four-stroke engine. Since the cylinder temperature before the second combustion process is high because of an increased temperature in the first combustion process, ignition delay in the second combustion process should be shortened. In addition, typically less desirable low cetane number fuels might also be suitable for use in the second combustion process, because the long ignition delays of these fuels might be improved by increased cylinder temperatures from the first combustion process. Methanol was chosen as the fuel of the second combustion. The cetane number of methanol is low and it shows low ignitability. However, since methanol will form an oxidizing radical (OH) during combustion, it has the potential to reduce the soot produced in the first combustion process. [pic] Fig 4 Comparison of 4 stroke and 6 stroke cycle 2. BAJULAZ SIX STROKE ENGINE The majority of the actual internal combustion engines, operating on different cycles have one common feature, combustion occurring in the cylinder after each compression, resulting in gas expansion that acts directly on the piston (work) and limited to 180 degrees of crankshaft angle. According to its mechanical design, the six-stroke engine with external and internal combustion and double flow is similar to the actual internal reciprocating combustion engine. However, it differentiates itself entirely, due to its thermodynamic cycle and a modified cylinder head with two supplementary chambers: Combustion, does not occur within the cylinder within the cylinder but in the supplementary combustion chamber, does not act immediately on the piston, and it’s duration is independent from the 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation that occurs during the expansion of the combustion gases (work). The combustion chamber is totally enclosed within the air-heating chamber. By heat exchange through the glowing combustion chamber walls, air pressure in the heating chamber increases and generate power for an a supplementary work stroke. Several advantages result from this, one very important being the increase in thermal efficiency. IN the contemporary internal combustion engine, the necessary cooling of the combustion chamber walls generates important calorific losses. 2.1 Analysis: Six-stroke engine is mainly due to the radical hybridization of two- and four-stroke technology. The six-stroke engine is supplemented with two chambers, which allow parallel function and results a full eight-event cycle: two four-event-each cycles, an external combustion cycle and an internal combustion cycle. In the internal combustion there is direct contact between air and the working fluid, whereas there is no direct contact between air and the working fluid in the external combustion process. Those events that affect the motion of the crankshaft are called dynamic events and those, which do not effect are called static events. [pic] Fig 5 Prototype of Six stroke engine internal view 1. Intake valve, 2.Heating chamber valve, 3.Combustion chamber valve,4. Exhaust valve, 5.Cylinder, 6.Combustion chamber, 7. Air heating chamber, 8.Wall of combustion chamber, 9.Fuel injector and 10.Heater plug. 2.1.1 Analysis of events [pic] Fig 6 Event 1: Pure air intake in the cylinder (dynamic event) 1. Intake valve. 2. Heating chamber valve 3. Combustion chamber valve. 4. Exhaust valve 5. Cylinder 6. Combustion chamber. 7. Air heating chamber. 8. Wall of combustion chamber. 9. Fuel injector. 10. Heater plug. [pic] Fig 7 Event 2: Pure air compression in the heating chamber. Event 3: Keeping pure air pressure in closed chamber where a maximum heat exchange occurs with the combustion chambers walls, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event). [pic] Fig 8 Event 4: Expansion of the Super heat air in the cylinder work (dynamic Event). [pic] Fig 9 Event 5: Re-compressions of pure heated air in the combustion chamber (dynamic event). Events 6: fuel injection and combustion in closed combustion chamber, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event). [pic] Fig 10 Events 7: Combustion gases expanding in the cylinder, work (dynamic event). [pic] Fig 11 Events 8: Combustion gases exhaust (dynamic event). [pic] Fig 12 Six-stroke engine cycle diagram: 2.1.2 External combustion cycle: (divided in 4 events): No direct contact between the air and the heating source. e1. (Event 1) Pure air intake in the cylinder (dynamic event). e2. (Event 2) Compression of pure air in the heating chamber (dynamic event). e3. (Event 3) Keeping pure air pressure in closed chamber where a maximum heat exchange occurs with the combustion chambers walls, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event). e4. (Event 4) Expansion of the super heated air in the cylinder, work (dynamic event). 2.1.3 Internal combustion cycle: (divided in 4 events) Direct contact between the air and the heating source. I1. (Event 5) Re-compression of pure heated air in the combustion chamber (dynamic event) I2. (Event 6) Fuel injection and combustion in closed combustion chamber, without direct action on the crankshaft (static event). I3. (Event 7) Combustion gases expanding in the cylinder, work (dynamic event). I4. (Event 8) Combustion gases exhaust (dynamic event). 2.2 Constructional details: The sketches shows the cylinder head equipped with both chambers and four valves of which two are conventional (intake and exhaust). The two others are made of heavy-duty heat-resisting material. During the combustion and the air heating processes, the valves could open under the pressure within the chambers. To avoid this, a piston is installed on both valve shafts which compensate this pressure. Being a six-stroke cycle, the camshaft speed in one third of the crankshaft speed. The combustion chambers walls are glowing when the engine is running. Their small thickness allows heat exchange with the air-heating chamber, which is surrounding the combustion chamber. The air-heating chamber is isolated from the cylinder head to reduce thermal loss. Through heat transfer from the combustion chamber to the heating chamber, the work is distributed over two strokes, which results in less pressure on the piston and greater smoothness of operation. In addition, since the combustion chamber is isolated from the cylinder by its valves, the moving parts, especially the piston, are not subject to any excessive stress from the very high temperatures and pressures. They are also protected from explosive combustion or auto-ignition, which are observed on ignition of the air-fuel mixture in conventional gas or diesel engines. The combustion and air-heating chambers have different compression ratio. The compression ratio is high for the heating chamber, which operates on an external cycle and is supplied solely with pure air. On the other hand, the compression ratio is low for the combustion chamber because of effectively increased volume, which operates on internal combustion cycle. The combustion of all injected fuel is insured, first, by the supply of preheated pure air in the combustion chamber, then, by the glowing walls of the chamber, which acts as multiple spark plugs. In order to facilitate cold  starts, the combustion chamber is fitted with a heater plug (glow plug). In contrast to a diesel engine, which requires a heavy construction, this multi-fuel engine, which can also use diesel fuel, may be built in a much lighter fashion than that of a gas engine, especially in the case of all moving parts. Injection and combustion take place in the closed combustion chamber, therefore at a constant volume, over 360 degrees of crankshaft angle. This feature gives plenty of time for the fuel to burn ideally, and releases every potential calorie (first contribution to pollution reduction). The injection may be split up, with dual fuel using the SNDF system (Single Nozzle, Dual Fuel). The glowing walls of the combustion chamber will calcite the residues, which are deposited there during fuel combustion (second contribution to pollution reduction). As well as regulating the intake and exhaust strokes, the valves of the heating and the combustion chambers allow significantly additional adjustments for improving efficiency and reducing noise. 2.3 Factors Contributing To the Increased Thermal Efficiency, Reduced Fuel Consumption, and Pollutant Emission 1. The heat that is evacuated during the cooling of a conventional engine’s cylinder head is recovered in six-stroke engine by air-heating chamber surrounding the combustion chamber. 2. After intake, air is compressed in the heating chamber and heated through 720 degrees of crankshaft angle, 360 degrees of which in closed chamber (external combustion). 3. The transfer of heat from thin walls of the combustion chamber to the air heating chambers lowers the temperature, pressure of gases on expansion and exhaust (internal combustion). 4. Better combustion and expansion of gases that take place over 540 degrees of crankshaft rotation, 360 ° of which is in closed combustion chamber, and 180 ° for expansion. 5. Elimination of the exhaust gases crossing with fresh air on intake. In the six stroke-engines, intake takes place on the first stroke and exhaust on the fourth stroke. 6. Large reduction in cooling power. The water pump and fan outputs are reduced. Possibility to suppress the water cooler. 7. Less inertia due  to the lightness of the moving parts. 8. Better filling of the cylinders on the intake due to the lower temperature of the cylinder walls and the piston head. 9. The glowing combustion chamber allows the finest burning of any fuel and calcinate the residues. 10. Distribution of the work: two expansions (power strokes) over six strokes, or a third more than the in a four-stroke engine. Since the six-stroke engine has a third less intake and exhaust than a four stroke engine, the depression on the piston during intake and the back pressure during exhaust are reduced by a third. The gain in efficiency balances out the losses due to the passage of air through the combustion chamber and heating chamber valves, during compression of fresh and superheated air. Recovered in the six-stroke engine By the air-heating chamber surrounding the combustion. Friction losses, theoretically high er in the six-stroke engine, are balanced by a better distribution of pressure on the moving parts due to the work being spread over two strokes and the elimination of the direct combustion. 3. DUAL FUEL SIX STROKE ENGINE 3.1 Working The cycle of this engine consists of six strokes: 1. Intake stroke 2. First compression stroke 3. First combustion stroke 4. Second compression stroke 5. Second combustion stroke 6. Exhaust stroke [pic] Fig 13 Concept of a Six-stroke diesel engine 3.1.1 Intake or Suction stroke To start with the piston is at or very near to the T.D.C., the inlet valve is open and the exhaust valve is closed. A rotation is given to the crank by the energy from a flywheel or by a starter motor when the engine is  just being started. As the piston moves from top to bottom dead centre the rarefaction is formed inside the cylinder i.e. the pressure in the cylinder is reduced to a value below atmospheric pressure. The pressure difference causes the fresh air to rush in and fill the space vacated by the piston. The admission of air continues until the inlet valve closes at B.D.C. 3.1.2 First Compression stroke Both the valves are closed and the piston moves from bottom to top dead centre. The air is compressed up to compression ratio that depends upon type of engine. For diesel engines the compression ratio is 12-18 and pressure and temperature towards the end of compression are 35-40 kgf/cm2 and 600-700 0C 3.1.3 First combustion stroke This stroke includes combustion of first fuel (most probably diesel) and expansion of product of combustion. The combustion of the charge commences when the piston approaches T.D.C. Here the fuel in the form of fine spray is injected in the combustion space. The atomization of the fuel is accomplished by air supplied. The air entering the cylinder with fuel is so regulated that the pressure theoretically remains constant during burning process. In airless injection process, the fuel in finely atomized form is injected in combustion chamber. When fuel vapors raises to self ignition temperature, the combustion of accumulated oil commences and there is sudden rise in pressure at approximately constant volume. The combustion of fresh fuel injected into the cylinder continues and this ignition is due to high temperature developed in engine cylinder. However this latter combustion occurs at approximately constant pressure. Due to expansion of gases piston moves downwards. The reciprocating motion of piston is converted into rotary motion of crankshaft by connecting  rod and crank. During expansion the pressure drop is due to increase in volume of gases and absorption of heat by cylinder walls. 3.1.4 Second compression stroke Both the valves are closed and the piston moves from bottom to top dead centre. The combustion products from the first compression stroke are recompressed and utilized in the second combustion process before the exhaust stroke. In typical diesel engine combustion the combustion products still contains some oxygen. 3.1.5 Second combustion stroke This stroke includes combustion of second fuel having low cetane (Cetane number of fuel is defined as percent volume of cetane (C16H34) in a mixture of cetane and alpha-methyl-naphthalene that produces the same delay period or ignition lag as the fuel being tested under same operating conditions on same engine). The combustion of the charge commences when the piston approaches to TDC. The second fuel injected into recompressed burnt gas can be burnt in the second combustion process. In other words combustion process of the second fuel takes place in an internal full EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) of the first combustion. This second combustion process was the special feature of the proposed Six Stroke DI Diesel Engine. 3.1.6 Exhaust stroke The exhaust valve begins to open when the power stroke is about to complete. A pressure of 4-5 kgf/cm2 at this instant forces about 60% of burnt gases into the exhaust manifold at high speed. Much of the noise associated with automobile engine is due to high exhaust velocity. The remainder of burnt gases is cleared of the swept volume when the piston moves from TDC to BDC. During this stroke pressure inside the cylinder is slightly above the atmospheric value. Some of the burnt gases are however  left in the clearance space. The exhaust valve closes shortly after TDC. The inlet valve opens slightly before the end of exhaust stroke and cylinder is ready to receive the fresh air for new cycle. Since from the beginning of the intake stroke the piston has made six strokes through the cylinder (Three up And Three down). In the same period crank shaft has made three revolutions. Thus for six stroke cycle engine there are two power strokes for every three revolutions of crank shaft. 3.2 Performance analysis 3.2.1 Modification over four stroke diesel engine This six-stroke diesel engine was made from a conventional four-stroke diesel engine with some modification. A sub-shaft was added to the engine, in order to drive a camshaft and injection pumps. The rotation speed of the sub-shaft was reduced to 1/3 of the rotation of an output shaft. To obtain similar valve timings between a four-stroke and a six-stroke diesel engine, the cam profile of the six-stroke diesel engine was modified. In order to separate the fuels, to control each of the injection timings and to control each injection flow rate in the first and the second combustion processes, the six-stroke diesel engine was equipped with two injection pumps and two injection nozzles. The injection pumps were of the same type as is used in the four-stroke diesel engine. The nozzle is located near the center of a piston cavity, and has four injection holes. For the six-stroke diesel engine, one extra nozzle was added on the cylinder head. This extra nozzle was of the same design as that of the four-stroke engine. [pic] Fig 14 Volume –Angle diagram for six stroke engine Diesel fuel for the first combustion process was injected through this extra nozzle, and methanol for the second combustion process was injected through the center nozzle. Here, we denoted the injection timing of the four  stroke diesel engine as Xi. The injection timings of the first and second combustion strokes for the six-stroke diesel engine are shown as Xi I and Xi II, respectively. Crank angle X was measured from the intake BDC. In the six-stroke engine, crank angle of the first combustion TDC is 180 degrees. The second combustion TDC is 540 degrees. Specifications of the test engines are shown in Table 1. The conventional four-stroke diesel engine that was chosen as the basis for these experiments was a single cylinder, air cooled engine with 82 mm bore and 78 mm stroke. The six-stroke engine has the same engine specifications except for the valve timings. However, the volumetric efficiency of the six-stroke engine showed no significant difference from that of the four-stroke engine. Characteristics of the six-stroke diesel engine were compared with the conventional four-stroke diesel engine. In this paper, the engine speed (Ne) was fixed at 2,000 rpm. Cylinder and line pressure indicators were equipped on the cylinder head. NO concentration was measured by a chemiluminescence’s NO meter, and soot emission was measured by a Bosch smoke meter. The physical and combustion properties of diesel fuel and methanol are shown in Table. 2. Since combustion heats of diesel fuel and methanol are different, injection flow rates of the first and the second combustion processes are defined by the amount of combustion heat. Here, the supplied combustion heat for the first combustion process is denoted by QI. The second combustion stroke is denoted by QII. The ratio of QII to Qt (Qt = QI+QII) supplied combustion heat per cycle) is defined as the heat allocation ratio ÃŽ ±H: ÃŽ ±H = QII = QII QI +QII Qt Table 1. Specifications of the test engine: Four stoke Six stroke Diesel Engine Diesel Engine Engine type DI, Single cylinder, Air cooled, OHV Bore x Stroke [mm] 82 x 78 Displacement [cc] 412 Top Clearance [mm] 0.9 Cavity Volume [cc] 16 Compression ratio 21 Intake Valve Open100 BTDC70 BTDC Intake valve Close1400 BTDC1450 BTDC Exhaust Valve Open1350 ATDC1400 ATDC Exhaust Valve Close120 ATDC30 ATDC Valve Overlap 220 100 Rated power 5.9 kW /3000rpm Base Engine - Table 2. Physical and combustion properties of diesel fuel and methanol: | |Diesel Fuel |Methanol | |Combustion heat [MJ/kg] |42.7 |19.9 | |Cetane number |40-55 |3.0 | |Density [kg/m2] |840 |793 | |Theoretical air-fuel ratio |14.6 |6.5 | 3.3 Performance of six stroke diesel engine 3.3.1 Comparison with four stroke diesel engine A four-stroke engine has one intake stroke for every two engine rotations. For the six-stroke engine, however, the intake stroke took place once for every three engine rotations. In order to keep the combustion heat per unit time constant, the combustion heat supplied to one six-stroke cycle should be 3 or 2 times larger than that of the four-stroke engine. There are many ways to compare performance between the four-stroke and six-stroke engines. For this paper, the authors have chosen to compare  thermal efficiency or SFC at same output power. If the thermal efficiency was the same in both engines, the same output power would be produced by the fuels of equivalent heats of combustion. Therefore, in order to make valid comparison, fuels supplied per unit time were controlled at the same value for both engines and engine speeds were kept constant. In this section, fuel supplied for the engines was only a diesel fuel. Performance of the six-stroke engine was compared with that of the four-stroke engine under various injection timings. Detailed conditions for comparison of the four-stroke and six-stroke engines are listed in Table. 3. The heat allocation ratio of the six-stroke engine was set at ÃŽ ±H = 0.5. Injection flow rate of fuel was Qt4 = 0.50 KJ/cycle for the four-stroke engine and Qt6 = 0.68 KJ/cycle for the six stroke engine. For six stroke engine, it meant that the amount of 0.34KJ was supplied at each combustion process. At the viewpoint of combustion heat, 0.75 KJ/cycle of heat should be supplied for the six stroke engine to make the equivalence heat condition. However diesel fuel of 0.68 KJ/cycle was supplied here because of difficulties associated with methanol injection. Injection timing of the four-stroke engine was changed from 160 degrees (200BTDC) to 180 degrees (TDC). For six -stroke engine, the injection timing of the first combustion process was fixed to 165 degrees (15 °BTDC) or 174 degrees (6 °BTDC), and the second injection timing was changed from 520 degrees (2000 BTDC) to 540 degrees (TDC). [pic] Fig 15 Valve timing diagram four stroke engine Table 3. Detailed conditions of comparison between the four stroke and six stroke diesel engines and performance of engine | |Four Stroke |Six Stroke | |Engine Parameters |Diesel Engine |Diesel Engine | |Engine Speed Ne [rpm] |2007 |2016 | |Supplied combustion heat per cycle | | | |Qt [KJ/cycle] |0.50 |0.68 | |Supplied combustion heat per unit time Ht [KJ/s] | | | | |8.36 |7.62 | |Intake air flow per cycle | | | |Ma [mg/cycle] |358.7 |371.4 | |Injection quantity per cycle | | | |Mf [mg/cycle] |11.8 |16 | | | | | |Excess air ratio ÃŽ » |2.40 |1.83 | |Intake air flow per unit time | | | |Ma [g/cycle] |6.00 |4.16 | |Injection quantity per unit time | | | |Mf [g/sec] |0.197 |0.179 | |Brake torque Tb [N-m] |15.52 |15.28 | |Brake power Lb [KW] |3.26 |3.24 | |BSFC. b [ g / KW-h] |217.9 |520.3 | |IMEP Pi [Kgf / cm2] |5.94 |4.37 | |Indicated torque Ti [N-m] |19.10 |18.71 | |Indicated power Li [KW] |4.01 |3.75 | |ISFC bi [g / KW-h ] |177.2 |163.3 | Indicated torque of the six-stroke engine is almost same level with that of the four-stroke engine under various injection timings. NO concentration in exhaust gas of the six-stroke engine was lower than that of the four-stroke engine. NO emissions from both engines were reduced by the retard of injection timing. The effect of retard in the second injection timing of the six-stroke engine was similar to that of the retard in the four-stroke engine. For the six-stroke engine, from the comparison between Xi I = 165 degrees (15 °BTDC) and Xi I = 174 degrees (6 °BTDC), it seemed that the NO reduction effect appeared with the timing retard in the first combustion process. Soot emission in the exhaust gas of the four-stroke engine was low level and it was not affected by the timing retard of injection. However, the level of soot emission from the six-stroke engine was strongly affected by the timing of the second injection. When the injection timing was advanced from 528 degrees (12 ° BTDC), it was confirmed that the soot emission was lower than that of the four-stroke engine. From numerical analysis, it was considered that the soot formed in the first combustion process was oxidized in the second combustion process. On the contrary, when the injection timing was retarded from 528 degrees (12 ° BTDC), soot emission increased with the timing retard. Then, it was considered that the increased part of the soot was formed in the second combustion process because an available period for combustion was shortened with the retard of injection timing. Experimental conditions were Xi = Xi I = 170 degrees (100 BTDC) and XiII=530 degrees (100 BTDC). The heat allocation ratio of six stroke engine was ÃŽ ±H=0.5. The cylinder temperature and heat release rate were calculated from the cylinder pressure. The pattern of heat release rate in the first combustion stroke of the six-stroke engine was similar to that of the heat release rate of the four-stroke engine. It was the typical combustion pattern that contained a pre-mixed combustion and diffusion combustion. On the other hand, since an increase of cylinder temperature in the second combustion process was caused by the compression of the burned gas formed in the first combustion stroke, a pre-mixed combustion in the second combustion process was suppressed by a short ignition delay. The maximum cylinder temperature in the first combustion process was lower than that in the four-stroke engine. It was caused by smaller amount of fuel which was injected in the first combustion process. Considering these results, it was proved that NO concentration in the exhaust gas was reduced by the decrease of the maximum cylinder temperature in the first co mbustion process and EGR effect in the second combustion process. The performance of these two engines could be compared by Table. 3. Since BSFC of the six-stroke engine obtained by the brake power suffered, SFC is compared with ISFC for the Xi = 163 degree (170 BTDC), ISFC of the four-stroke engine was 177.2 g/KW-h. On the other hand, for the Xi I = 165 degrees (15 ° BTDC) and Xi II = 523 degrees (170 BTDC), I.S the six-stroke engine was 163.3 g/KW-h. i.e. ISFC of the six-stroke engine was slightly lower than that of the four-stroke engine. It was considered that this advantage in ISFC was caused by a small cut-off ratio of constant pressure combustion. Because, in the six-stroke engine proposed here, the fuel divided into two combustion processes resulted in a short combustion period of each combustion process. Furthermore, in the reduction of NO emission, the six-stroke engine was superior to the four-stroke engine. 3.3.2 Effect of heat allocation ratio Injection conditions were Xi I = 170 degrees (1000 BTDC) and Xi II = 530 degrees (100 BTDC). Both fuels in the first and second combustion processes were diesel fuel. Total fuel at the combustion heat basis was Qt = 0.68 KJ/cycle. It meant a high load in this engine because the total excess air ratio was 1.83 as previously shown in Table 3. The maximum value of the indicated torque appeared around ÃŽ ±H = 0.5 NO concentration in exhaust gas was reduced by an increase of heat allocation ratio. In other words, NO emission decreased with an increase of the fuel of the second combustion process. In the case of ÃŽ ±H = 0.5, there is a relatively long ignition delay in the first combustion process and pre-mixed combustion was the main combustion phenomena in it. NO of high concentration was formed in this pre-mixed combustion process. On the other hand, in the case of ÃŽ ±H = 1, diffusion combustion was the main combustion phenomena and NO emission was low. Soot emission in exhaust gas increased with an increase of heat allocation ratio. Since the injection flow rate in the second combustion process increased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio, the injection period increased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. It caused the second combustion process to be long, and unburnt fuel that was the origin of soot remained after the second combustion process. The heat release rates on ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 and ÃŽ ±H = 0.85. For ÃŽ ±H =0.15, since injection flow rate in the first combustion process was high and injection period in it was long, the combustion period in the first combustion process became long as compared with case of ÃŽ ±H = 0.85. On the other hand, for ÃŽ ±H = 0.85, the combustion period in the second combustion process became long as compared with case of ÃŽ ±H=0.15. It was also observed that the long combustion periods in both the first and second combustion were caused by the long diffusion combustion. Further, diffusion combustion was the main combustion phenomena of the second combustion process. When the heat allocation ratio was 0.85, the ratio of heat release rates between the first and second combustion should be 15: 85, however the actual ratio obtained from the figure was 46: 54. This inconsistency was caused from the drift of the base lines of the heat release diagrams. For ÃŽ ±H = 0.15, the actual ratio of heat release rates was 73: 27 with the similar reason. The cylinder temperature for the ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 condition was higher than that of the ÃŽ ±H = 0.85 condition. This could be explained as follows. In the first combustion stroke, since the injection flow rate of ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 was higher than that of ÃŽ ±H = 0.85, the combustion temperature for the ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 condition was higher than that of ÃŽ ±H = 0.85. In the second compression stroke, since the high temperature burned gas was re-compressed, the temperature of ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 was also higher than that of ÃŽ ±H = 0.85. As a result, the temperature at the beginning of the second combustion stroke was high in ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 condition as compared with ÃŽ ±H = 0.85 condition. At the later stage of the second combustion, however, the opposite relationship between these two temperatures were observed, because the injection flow rate of the second combustion process was low in ÃŽ ±H = 0.15 condition. The maximum temperatures in the first and second combustion process decreased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. Then, it could be concluded that the reduction of NO concentration with the heat allocation ratio, was caused by the decrease of the cylinder temperature. 3.4 Performance of the dual fuel six stroke diesel engine 3.4.1 Comparison with diesel fuel six stroke engine Operating conditions of comparison between the diesel fuel and the dual fuel six-stroke engines are shown in Table. 4. Experimental conditions were Xi I= 170 degrees (100 BTDC), Xi II = 530 degrees (10o BTDC) and ÃŽ ±H = 0.5. In dual fuel six-stroke engine, diesel fuel and methanol were supplied into first and second combustion process, independently. Combustion heats supplied per one cycle of the diesel fuel and dual fuel six-stroke engines were same. The combustion heat supplied per one cycle was selected as Qt = 0.43 KJ/cycle under the middle load condition. Performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was compared with the diesel fuel six-stroke engine under various injection timings in the second combustion process. Indicated torques of both engines was revealed constant around 15 N-m. As a result, it could be concluded that states of combustion of the diesel fuel and the dual fuel six-stroke engines had similar contributions on the engine performance. NO emissions from the dual fuel six-stroke engine were lower than those of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine. This effect appeared prominently at the advanced injection timing of the second combustion. Further, NO concentrations of both engines were reduced by the injection timing retard in the second combustion. [pic] Fig 16 Torque- Angle diagram for six stroke engine Soot emission in the exhaust gas of the diesel fuel six stroke engines increased with a retard of the injection timing in the second combustion. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, the exhaust level of soot was very low under various injection timings of the second combustion process. Soot was formed clearly by the combustion of diesel fuel in the first combustion process and it was oxidized in the second combustion process. Considering these results, it was possible to estimate that soot was almost oxidized by methanol combustion in the second combustion process. This estimation is supported by a dual fuel diesel engine operated with diesel fuel methanol. The combustion heat supplied per one cycle was selected as Qt = 0.68 KJ/cycle under the high load condition. Indicated torques of both engines was also revealed constant around 20 N-m. NO concentration had the same tendency as the cases of the middle load. Soot emission level of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine was high in this high load condition. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, however, soot was very low under various injection timings of the second combustion process. The performance of these engines was compared in Table. 4. For the second combustion process, since combustion heats of diesel fuel and methanol were different, injection quantities of both engines were different. BSFC and ISFC of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was sensibly higher than that of the diesel fuel engine. To compare the performance of these engines, injection quantity of both engines was defined by an amount of combustion heat, and SFC should be calculated from it. As a result, indicated specific heat consumption of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine was 5.59 MJ/KW-h, and that of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was 5.43 MJ/KW-h. For the high load conditions shown in Table. 5, the similar advantage of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was observed. Table 4. Detailed conditions of comparison between the diesel fuel and dual fuel diesel engines and performance of engines under ÃŽ ±H = 0.5 and middle load | |Diesel Fuel Six Stroke Diesel |Dual Fuel Six Stroke | | |Engine |Diesel Engine | |Engine Speed Ne [rpm] |2016 |2003 | |Supplied combustion heat per cycle | | | |Qt [KJ/cycle] |0.43 | | |Injection quantity per cycle |5.0 | | |(First Combustion Stroke) |(Diesel Fuel) | | |Mf1 [mg/cycle] | | | |Injection quantity per cycle |5.0 |10.7 | |(Second Combustion Stroke) |(Diesel Fuel) |(Methanol) | |Mf2 [mg/cycle] | | | |Excess air ratio ÃŽ » |2.98 |3.15 | |Brake torque Tb [N-m] |3.14 |3.14 | |Brake power Lb [KW] |0.66 |0.66 | |B.S.F.C. b [ g / KW-h] | 610.9 |952.9 | |I.M.E.P. Pi [Kgf / cm2] |3.43 |3.53 | |Indicated torque Ti [N-m] |16.70 |15.12 | |Indicated power Li [KW] |3.1 |2.77 | |I.S.F.C. bi [g / KW-h ] |130.1 |198.4 | |Indicated specific heat consumption | | | |bi’ [MJ /KW-h] |5.59 |5.43 | In order to confirm the advantage of dual fuel six-stroke engine, the performance of these engines was compared with four-stroke engine as shown in Table. 6. NO concentrations of the diesel fuel and the dual fuel six-stroke engines were improved with 85 90% as compared with that of the four-stroke engine. Soot emission of the diesel fuel six-stroke engine was much higher than that of the four-stroke engine. However, for the dual fuel six-stroke engine, soot level was very low. Furthermore, the indicated specific heat consumption of the diesel fuel and dual fuel six-stroke engine were lower than that of the four-stroke engine. Especially, for the dual fuel six-stroke engine, the indicated specific heat consumption was improved with 15% as compared with that of the four stroke engine. From these results, it could be confirmed that the dual fuel six-stroke engine was superior to the diesel fuel six-stroke engine, and also it was superior to the four-stroke engine. Table 6. Percentage improvements of exhaust emission and specific heat consumption | |Four Stroke Diesel | Six Stroke Diesel Engine|Dual Fuel Six Stroke Engine | | |Engine | | | |NO [ppm] | |113 |90.5 | |( % improvement) |768 |(85.3%) |(88.2%) | |Soot [%] | |28.8 |0 | |(%improvement) |6.8 |(- 323.5%) |(100%) | |Indicated specific heat consumption bi’ | | | | |[MJ/KW-h] |7.51 |6.61 |6.37 | |(% improvement) | |(12.0%) |(15.2%) | Table 5. Detailed conditions of comparison between the diesel fuel and dual fuel diesel engine and performance of engines under ÃŽ ±H =0.5 and high load | | Six Stroke Diesel Engine |Dual Fuel Six Stroke Engine | |Engine Speed Ne [rpm] |2016 |2006 | |Supplied combustion heat per cycle | | | |Qt [kJ/cycle] |0.68 | | |Injection quantity per cycle |8.0 | | |(First Combustion Stroke) |(Diesel Fuel) | | |Mf1 [mg/cycle] | | | |Injection quantity per cycle |8.0 |17.2 | |(Second Combustion Stroke) |(Diesel Fuel) |(Methanol) | |Mf2 [mg/cycle] | | | |Excess air ratio ÃŽ » |1.86 |1.93 | |Brake torque Tb [N-m] |6.18 |6.08 | |Brake power Lb [kW] |1.52 |1.5 | |B.S.F.C. b [ g / kW.h] | 504.0 |777.7 | |I.M.E.P. Pi [kgf / cm2] |4.56 |4.75 | |Indicated torque Ti [N-m] |21.68 |20.38 | |Indicated power Li [kW] |3.45 |2.98 | |I.S.F.C. bi [g / kW.h ] |155.5 |236.2 | |Indicated specific heat consumption | | | |bi’ [MJ /kW.h] |6.61 |6.37 | 3.4.2 Effect of injection timing Performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine under various injection timings in the second combustion process was investigated on middle and high load. Experimental conditions were Xi I = 170 degrees (100 BTDC) and ÃŽ ±H = 0.5. Performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine under both load conditions had the similar tendency with the timing retard. NO concentrations in the high load condition were higher than those of the middle load condition. However, soot emission levels of both load conditions were extremely low under various injection timings of the second combustion. 3.4.3 Effect of heat allocation ratio Performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine under various heat allocation ratios was investigated on middle and high load. Injection conditions were Xi I = 170 degrees (100 BTDC) and Xi II = 530 degrees (100 BTDC). Since the combustion heat of methanol was low, experimental range of heat allocation ratio was limited by the smooth operation of the engine. Only the range from ÃŽ ±H = 0.25 to 0.75 (on Qt = 0.43 KJ/cycle), and from ÃŽ ±H = 0 to 0.5 (on Qt = 0.68 KJ/cycle) could be tested.. Indicated torque increased with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. NO concentration in exhaust gas was reduced with an increase of the heat allocation ratio. Soot was very low, irrespective of the methanol flow rate. Even if the load condition was high, it was concluded that soot was practically eliminated by a small amount of methanol in the second combustion process (8% of total fuel). 4. ADVANTAGES OF SIX STROKE OVER FOUR STROKE ENGINES The six stroke is thermodynamically more efficient because the change in volume of the power stroke is greater than the intake stroke, the compression stroke and the Six stroke engine is fundamentally superior to the four stroke because the head is no longer parasitic but is a net contributor to – and an integral part of – the power generation within exhaust stroke. The compression ration can be increased because of the absent of hot spots and the rate of change in volume during the critical combustion period is less than in a Four stroke. The absence of valves within the combustion chamber allows considerable design freedom. 4.1 Main advantages of the duel fuel six-stroke engine: 4.1.1 Reduction in fuel consumption by at least 40%: An operating efficiency of approximately 50%, hence the large reduction in specific consumption. the Operating efficiency of current petrol engine is of the order of 30%. The specific power of the six-stroke engine will not be less than that of a four-stroke petrol engine, the increase in thermal efficiency compensating for the issue due to the two additional strokes. 4.1.2 Two expansions (work) in six strokes: Since the work cycles occur on two strokes (3600 out of 10800 ) or 8% more than in a four-stroke engine (1800 out of 720 ), the torque is much more even. This lead to very smooth operation at low speed without any significant effects on consumption and the emission of pollutants, the combustion not being affected by the engine speed. These advantages are very important in improving the performance of car in town traffic. 4.1.2 Dramatic reduction in pollution: Chemical, noise and thermal pollution are reduced, on the one hand, in proportion to the reduction in specific consumption, and on the other, through the engine’s own characteristics which will help to considerably lower HC, CO and NOx emissions. Furthermore, it’s ability to run with fuels of vegetable origin and weakly pollutant gases under optimum conditions, gives it qualities which will allow it to match up to the strictest standards. 4.1.3 Multifuel: Multifuel par excellence, it can use the most varied fuels, of any origin (fossil or vegetable), from diesel to L.P.G. or animal grease. The difference in inflammability or antiknock rating does not present any problem in combustion. It’s light, standard petrol engine construction, and the low compression ration of the combustion chamber; do not exclude the use of diesel fuel. Methanol-petrol mixture is also recommended. 5. CONCLUSIONS The performance of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was investigated. In this dual fuel engine, diesel fuel was supplied into the first combustion process and methanol was supplied into the second combustion process where  the burned gas in the first combustion process was re-compressed. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC.) of the six-stroke engine proposed here is slightly lower than that of the four-stroke engine (about 9% improvement). NO and soot emissions from the six-stroke engine was improved as compared with four-stroke engine under advanced injection timings in the second combustion stroke. 2. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, the timing retard and an increase of heat allocation ratio in the second combustion stroke resulted in a decrease of the maximum temperatures in the combustion processes. It caused the reduction of NO emission. 3. For the dual fuel six-stroke engine, soot was practically eliminated by a small amount of methanol in the second combustion process. 4. From the comparison of the performance between the dual fuel six-stroke and the four-stroke engine, it was concluded that indicated specific heat consumption of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was improved with 15% as compared with the four-stroke engine. NO concentration of the dual fuel six-stroke engine was improved with 90%. Furthermore, soot emission was very low in the dual fuel six-stroke engine. 5. As the fuel in one cycle was divided into two combustion processes and the EGR effect appeared in the second combustion process, the decreased maximum cylinder temperature reduced NO concentration in the exhaust gas It was further confirmed that soot formed in the first combustion process was oxidized in the second combustion process .Therefore, a six stroke DI diesel engine has significant possibilities to improve combustion process because of its more controllable factors relative to a conventional four-stroke engine. Considering these results, it was confirmed that the dual fuel six-stroke engine was superior to the four-stroke engine. 6. REFERENCES 1. Tsunaki Hayasaki, Yuichirou Okamoto, Kenji Amagai and Masataka Arai â€Å"A Six-stroke DI Diesel Engine under Dual Fuel Operation â€Å"SAE Paper No 1999-01-1500 2. S.Goto and K.Kontani, A Dual Fuel Injector for Diesel Engines, SAE paper, No. 851584, 1985 3. â€Å"Internal Combustion Engines â€Å"A book by Mathur Sharma. 4. â€Å"Internal Combustion Engines† Tata McGraw-hill publications, Author V Ganesan 7. NOMENCLATURE Ne : Engine speed X : Crank angle Xi : Injection timing of the four-stroke diesel engine ÃŽ ±H : Heat allocation ratio Q : Supplied combustion heat Qt : Supplied combustion heat per cycle P : Cylinder pressure V : Cylinder volume Vs : Stroke volume Pi : Indicated mean effective pressure (LM.E.P) Ti : Indicated torque Li : Indicated power Tb : Brake torque Lb : Brake power Ht : Supplied combustion heat per unit time Ma : Intake air flow per cycle Ma : Intake air flow per unit time Mf : Injection quantity per cycle Mi : Injection quantity per unit time ÃŽ » : Excess air ratio b : Brake specific fuel consumption (B.S.F.C.) bl : Indicated specific fuel consumption (I.S.F.C.) bi : Indicated specific heat consumption SUBSCRIPTS I: first combustion stroke II: second combustion stroke 4: four-stroke diesel engine 6: six-stroke diesel engine