What is the impact of empowerment on the factors of organizational Essay

What is the impact of empowerment on the factors of organizational behavior in five star hotels in the USA - Essay Example Empowerment has become a global trend and only those hotels which properly empower their employees will succeed. Research carried out by, Wagner Iii, John A. (1994) found the following as impacts of empowerment: †¢Meaning †¢Results †¢Challenge and an opportunity to learn †¢Respect and recognition †¢Freedom at work †¢Affiliation. According to Betttencons, Lance E. A and Steven W.Brown (1978), empowerment in USA hotels has been implemented to some degree of success in some states. In a subsequent study on New York hotels, Fasa (1995) critically analyzed how empowerment can drive businesses to excel. In his findings he came up with three important levels of empowerment in organizations: employee-employer relations, employee – customer relations as well as the employee-job. Empowerment and Organization behavior. In a study conducted on empowerment in Canada, Whitener, Ellen M. (2000. p 234) observed that: â€Å"Workers are empowered through giving them authority and responsibility to make decisions affecting their work with a minimum of interference and second guessing by managers.† Role of employee empowerment Hotels depend on employee interactions with customers to earn business. Whether a hotel is going to continue attracting customers or not depends very much on how its employees interact with customers. Therefore, customer perception on an organization is very much dependent on behavior of the workers .It can therefore be argued that, the behavior of employees working in hotels must constantly be assessed and modeled to ensure that it reflect the hotels standard and mission.

DISSERTATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DISSERTATION - Essay Example Online shopping takes the experience of shopping to altogether a new dimension and helps in improving the necessary services given to the consumers as well as the vendors and also helps in managing all the required information of the payments of the customers, receipt of products of the new customers, their product and updating of all the necessary credentials. The primary features of the online shopping helps in providing business accuracy, flexibility of design and readiness of accessibility (Gay, Charlesworth, & Esen, 2007, p. 173). Today internet is an increasingly popular medium of shopping due to its shopping convenience. This research paper focuses on this subject because of its growing relevance among the young generation. The behavior of the consumers in shopping is highly essential for the businesses in tracking the discrete preferences and engineers their strategies for focusing on the key requirements of the consumers. Various factors stand in the way of influencing the behavior of the consumers. From the standpoint of Warner, various external influences which affect the consumer’s behavior are demographics, socio-economics, technology and public policy; culture; subculture; reference groups; and marketing. Within the domain of internal influences, attitudes, learning, perception, motivation as well as self image and semiotics are various psychological attributes affecting the consumer behavior in online shopping. From the studies of a scholar called Sheth, it can be also found that the consumers are predominated by mainly two types of motives which are basically functional as well as non functional. It is a common agenda that people in today’s world have drastically changed their shopping patterns and there has been application of various strategies by the companies towards positioning their products in systematic and successful manner. The marketing managers while strategizing optimal marketing plans and concentrating on the four

Personal Development and Careers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Personal Development and Careers - Essay Example The process of learning leads to acquiring of knowledge. Learning is commonly defined as the process that brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views (Illeris, 2000; Ormorod, 1995)’.Learning process focuses on what happens when the learning takes place. There are various Learning Theories which explore the process of learning. A learning theory is attempts to describe how people and animals learn; thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning. Thus, through this process permanent change in the behavior and pattern is observed. The change, which comes through learning, is permanent in the sense that it improves one’s performance in his/her field. Learning theories have two main functions. According to the definition by Hill (2002). â€Å"One is providing us with vocabulary and a conceptual framework for interpr eting the examples of learning that we observe. The other is suggesting where to look for solutions to practical problems. The theories do not give us solutions, but they do direct our attention to those variables that are crucial in finding solutions.† David Kolb’s, a pioneer in the field of learning, developed a model, which he published in the year 1984.Through this model was originated the Kolb’s Experimental Learning Theory. This theory establishes four stage-learning styles which can also be called the Training Cycle. In this four-stage cycle of learning, â€Å"immediate or concrete experiences provide a basis for observations and reflections. These observations and reflections are assimilated and distilled into abstract concepts producing new implications for action that can be actively tested in turn creating new experiences†. Through the entire cycle of learning, the learner touches the basis, that is, a cycle of experiencing, reflecting, thinking , and acting. Immediate and concrete experiences lead to observations and reflections, these reflections are then absorbed or assimilated as abstract concepts which in turn help in creation of new processes. Thus, Kolb’s categorizes learners into four types according to his definition. Convergers, Diverger, Assimilator and Accommodator. A learning process must accomplish all these four responses. Convergers are characterized by abstract conceptualization and active experimentation; they are good at practical application of ideas and proficient at deductive reasoning. Divergers are reflective in observation and they are imaginative. They have concrete ideas. Assimilators are capable of crafting theoretical models by means of inductive reasoning and Accommodators are good at actively engaging with the world. Kolb’s learning style methods are acknowledged by the academicians, teachers, managers and trainers. This model has helped people in learning and understanding human behaviour. Another model of learning is Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory Model that offers simple and accessible methods to understand and explain people preferred ways to learn and develop. It is a classic model to understand and teach many aspects of human behaviour and intelligence, learning style and personality. It is also a widely accepted model in the field of academics and industry though developed initially for psychology. In simple terms this theory is based on cognitive perspective. Gardner discovered seven

Nurse practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nurse practitioner - Essay Example within the present structure of the available health services mainly in order to facilitate their journey within the healthcare continuum (Sweet, 2005). Nurse practitioners have responded to this social and political need and professional challenge through expansion of the scopes of their practice with action, plan, and rigor. As a result in today’s changing contexts, this professional role has literally evolved into development of skills and expansion of scope of practice so this category of service providers can provide efficient, safe, comprehensive, and accessible care to the patients and the communities (Ashington Audit Group., 2004). Before going into the critical examination of the conditions of this development and its social and political contexts, it would be prudent to define a nurse practitioner. According to Australian Nurse Practitioners Association, nurse practitioners are senior clinical nurses within their specialty of choice with a Masters of equivalent degree and registered with the state nursing boards (Redshaw and Harvey, 2001). Professionally they are experienced with high level of skills suitable for different healthcare settings. The political motive for this role is to support the existing system of patient care while at the same time improving access of people to care that may be adequate or even better for certain clinical conditions. In the Australian context, the nurse practitioners are able to cater to the health needs of the population independently through their clinical skills and are able to meet the health needs of the population at the given level through their ability to recognize the holistic health needs in the context of their environments. In any way, this provision is not designed to provide care that is does not fulfill the competency standards of healthcare delivery. They provide services with accountability within this extended scope of practice in conformity with the evidence that nurse practitioners are quite able

Human resorces Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human resorces - Case Study Example Considering myself in the place of Joan, as director of scientific computing, I need to take Fred into confidence that I won’t let him down in my next appraisal recommendation for yearly hike. The difference in the salary would be compensated by offering a better yearly appraisal in salary to Fred than it would be offered to Bob. It would certainly reduce the difference and from there onwards, both the employees would be advised not to share their salary details, as it would tantamount to breach of the contract with the company. The bank needs to provide the related documents of the white employee who has not been reporting for work the same duration of time as has been on leave Ruth Wittman. The bank would also have to provide details of the white worker who was permitted to go outside the bank compound to verify the causes offered by the white employee for taking a break from the working hours so that the bank could prove the genuineness on its part by not permitting Ruth for the same. The bank also needs to provide the record of the employee who was not given heavy packets of checks for processing to prove that white employee was attending the training program and the training period of that white employee was yet to finish. If I were the EEOC District Director, I would take a decision in support of Ruth Wittman. My explanation for such a decision would be based on the issues highlighted by Ruth, indicating the practice of racial discrimination by the manager. Ruth gave three arguments, wherein she has stated color as the cause of giving Ruth a rough and biased treatment by the bank. The concerned bank did not present the specific records before the EEOC District Director to prove its argument; in stead the bank preferred to give reference of the policy and procedure and ignored the need to present some hard evidence against the blame of Ruth. Jack Otto should bring it to the notice of Bob Hill by calling him in his cabin and

Is Socrates a feminist How might one argue that he is How would they Essay

Is Socrates a feminist How might one argue that he is How would they argue that he is not Which position is right - Essay Example Significantly, to an extent Plato promoted the notion of both men and women being equal with some of his views supporting this claim specifically in book 5, where he tackled on Socrates’ view that women have plenty potential as philosopher-rulers or guardians of the state (VanHeest 1). On the support for women equality platform, the foundation of this claim is his assertion that a human should be judged on his or her soul and not on external appearance altogether. However, there are more of his views that entrench his stand on feminism i.e. that woman’s biology should not settle the question of her destiny and women’s intelligence and reason should also be utilized when it comes to the running of the state; matter of fact, these two views are the ones that serve the basis for the belief that to a certain extent Plato supports the feminist’s views (Cuizon 1). Socrates radically states that women should also get the same training in the society as men, in th e areas of geometry, gymnastics, music, and with these most people fall under the misconception that Socrates is a feminist. Considerably, he gives a lot of support to women arguing that they should also be allowed to have active roles in the republic; however, this campaign is not based on feminism or because he feels that they deserve it due to the centuries of uneven status in the society. Socrates views both men and women to be equal in all aspects except strength, and is aware that both genders fall into one of the three parts of the soul, being either spirited, rational or appetitive, hence they all have uses in the city (Vilchez 1). Additionally, he is familiar with biological essentialism noting out that even though women might not be strong as men they play a fundamental role to the city and its comprehensive success. The overall analysis of women by Socrates gives him the idea that they are of use in any perfect society despite the diversity in strength when compared to me n; however, he believes that there is no single thing that only men or women can do. Significantly, Socrates speaks against gender roles that are still relevant in the world of today stating out that no profession is suited solely for man or for woman despite the many junctures where people believe that, especially when it comes to leadership. In the world of today, the payment/salary varies with men being paid more than women and it has been hard to address this issue until recently with a significant number of people continuing to fight against the gender discriminations (VanHeest 1). One of the factors that make Socrates sound like a true biological essentialist is his notion that men are stronger than women which is typically true. The point on no one task is a job that can only be done by one sex is encouraging since nowadays there are men cooking and women who fight; nonetheless, there are still tasks that are dominated to one gender like the army’s are full of men who have proven to be stronger than women. There is often the confusion between biological essentialists and feminists for instance in this case, Socrates is more of a biological essentialist than a feminist, believing that even though men tend to be stronger than women, it does not justify the women being denied involvement to their full

The Africa National Congress (ANC) Essay Example for Free

The Africa National Congress (ANC) Essay The Africa National Congress (ANC) was the first party in South Africa to win under democratic elections. One of the major reasons of its resounding victory in 1994 was its promises to improve the living standards of majority to almost 85% of total population. From many problems which were facing South Africa, when combined formed a package of strategy known as Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) macro-economic strategy. The strategy was introduced in June 1996. Even though there has been achievement in some areas, from its overall goals it is a failure. Indeed, most of the Black South Africans are now worse off materially than they used to be during Apartheid. In additions, there has been vanishing of hundreds of thousand jobs and increase in the cost of basics such as food, water, and rents. Only minority are better than they used to be during apartheid. Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)                  From different ideologies, not all failures are of its own doing .There is also claim that much of ANC failure are associated with its founders from South National Convectional party. However, this was not enough for â€Å"justification,† many of critics arouse from the ANC governance as the government of South Africa. Despite many oppositions and critics, once in power ANC government came up with tight monetary policy and orthodox Macroeconomic policy with the aim of deficit reduction all combined with trade liberalization. All these combined, they had a major purpose of facilitating growth, Employment and redistribution programme, the package known as GEAR. The target of GEAR, introduced in 1996, was to accelerate the economic growth with rate of about 4.3% programmed for 1996-2000.Towards mid-term of the programme; the GEAR achievements were below its target. According to Ludman (2004) this failure can be because of excessive rise in interest ra te and fiscal contradiction, this is opposed to the idea of W. J. (2003) that it was because of unfavorable external factors. Following five years of GEAR functioning towards the target of average 4.2 percent growth rate for 1996-2000, South Africa Ministry of Finance announced the carried out the analysis of the budget. Following the budget, it was determined that GDP had expanded at by 2.3% over the past two years, since ANC had took over in power. Moreover, from the budget it was determined that, GEAR, having functioned for two years after the end of the regime whose policies on economic growth sought to accrue the economic benefits to minority white men had marked little growth in equal distribution of resources. Although may differ with the observation perhaps because the growth with a slight improvement, there is need to consent that it was different with that of last decades of apartheid. Looking back from 1980 through 1993, perhaps would give us insight in judging the achievements or failures of ANC. During this period, there were major problems in South Africa economy. Only four years of this period that the gross domestic product (GDP) raised .Moreover, only the year 1984 that marked slight improvement in annual average decline of (GDP) by one percent. This was associated with many problems in the mid-1990s. South Africa had become a largely demanding society. For instance, the industries were greatly affected poor agriculture from the conversation of peasant agriculture and migrant workers .From the destruction of peasant agriculture, many problems arouse such as permanent unemployment and poverty. These problems were more among the black Americans as compared to â€Å"White.† It was devastation that about 65% of the total population lived under poverty .Thuynsma (2012) also explains that there was a huge disparity between unemployment rises in South Africa as compared to the rest places in Sub Saharan Africa, where peasant agriculture is believed to be strong. The most striking problem was unemployment among the youths in South Africa. Comparing it with that in sub-Saharan Africa with about 11.9% and North Africa with 23.7%,it was a huge difference South Africa with whopping 48.1% cases of unemployment of all young people ranging between (15 – 24) of age .All this research was carried out by the South African Institute of Race Relations. From these problems, it necessitated prompt responses, some of them include, and increase of investment rate stimulates to modernize production and increase of economic growth rate. From above definitions, the government, through GEAR policies aimed to bring about equality in the distribution of income, increased wage employment, better wages for those in employment and greater equality in the wealth, however there was no achievement. In fact, the economy of South Africa dropped by 5% and it was from this that ANC set broad framework .The primary goals of ANC since 1994 were therefore clear; to come up with new government’s social and economic policies. The first goal being economic growth little achieved during 1993-1995 with slight improvement of one percent as compared to negative rate of the previous years but below the population growth. During the period between 1994 and 1995, per- income did not fall; towards the end of 1995, there was per capita income increase outside the margin of statistical error. The ANC’s political misfortunes                  Looking at ANC’s misfortunes it would be necessary we look back to its founding to get a clear picture. Many at times ANC associate it is failures with 1908-1909 founders for they could not invite the representatives of ANC to convectional meetings or used to delay the negotiations whenever called upon. However, ANC is altogether accountable for crating the bad lack and its founders are not the first bad omen as they claim. According to Ludman (2004) perhaps Nelson Mandela was right when said, â€Å"Prepare for armed struggle immediately after the end 1952 Defiance Campaign.† In fact, if ANC representatives followed the advice, it would have won earlier because of its adversary (National Party) was not well prepared to withstand much of struggles and other form of resistance. The result of the party not heeding to the advice had far reaching consequences, by the time NP could consent to have conversation with ANC ,they were negotiating from the point of ANC weaknesses .Further, they continued to undermine ANC performance in their efforts to transform South Africa.According to Bond (2003), it is also failure of ANC to have negotiation settlement in 1993 that lead to 1994 elections. It would have been better if this conversation had happened in 1909 when both Africa nationalists and Afrikaner had been brought together by British, with the aim to rule South Africa nation together. Later the British conclude that, it would be better if the mining interests of South Africa were protected through policy of divide and rule, which GEAR strategies failed. Political elite                  By the time National parties in South Africa had reached the agreement in sharing of powers ,South Africa Society had already gone transformation .This time both economic influence and political power had decreased ,economic muscle had also a minimal power. This marked the inability of ANC to bring about transformation in South Africa in making it equitable society and more dynamic. The 1994 settlement, created a political elite that was seen to control the state but not the economy. The previous elite, which used control both economy and the political power, was seen to lose grip in political power though it retained control of the economy. This was seen as the mix up because, those in control of the economy would live in fear of being overtaxed or having their assets seized by the elite that controls the political power. In fact, the case in South Africa, through black economic process empowerment, usually compels the company owners to give some percentage of their assets to the political elite. The major benefit by the black political elite in the year 1994 was to have access of revenues from the government and distribute among themselves through corruption by giving high salaries. They were also seen to engage in redistribution of wealth, through free government services and social grants .Despite of inability to control the Nation productive resources, the ANC can be said to be far much lucky. Having came from industrialized Asia, the ANC government was able to achieve what we can call slight pain in wealth redistribution .Immense increase sale of minerals in Far East was also marked as one of ANC success. Conclusion                  In conclusion, there are only few signs of achievement of ANC in South Africa since it’s victory in 1994. According to Nell Van (2003), even some that remained are reaching dead end. Although there is sense from above in ANC making great efforts to improve the society, only few progress can be marked through closer examination of progress based from employment by the government ,rise in wage of civil servants ,growth in credit and replacement of Afrikaners in the South Africa though emerging of middle class black Africans. The weakness of the strategies used by ANC is that they are not based from windfall of profit from industrialization. Instead, they are accompanied with shrinkage of the employment in South Africa productive sectors .Therefore, looking at the ANC governments Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) macro-economic strategies, is a failure as compared to the unchanged conditions in South Africa. In fact, is a slight success it its goals has been achieved .As a result ANC’s luck is running out even from the protests from the service that have been happening some few years ago. References Bond, P. (2003).  Against global apartheid: South Africa meets the World Bank, IMF, and international finance. Lansdowne, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press. Ludman, B., In Stober, P. (2004).  The Mail and Guardian A-Z of South African Politics: The essential handbook. Johannesburg: Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd. Nell, P., Van, . W. J. (2003).  Democratizing foreign policy?: Lessons from South Africa. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Thuynsma, H. A. (2012).  Public opinion and interest group politics: South Africas missing links. Pretoria, South Africa: Africa Institute of South Africa. Source document