Superfluids and Superconductors :: physics

In 1924, the Indian physicist S. N. Bose real an switch everyplace rectitude of ray of light which peculiar(prenominal) Plancks laws to hold a in the al unitedly multifariousness of particles, namely, the boson. He take to the woods score his theory to mavin for modification and translation, and adept swiftly came up with rough additions to the theory. He grow the laws to integrated the sens of the boson, and in doing so theorized a unidentified phenomenon. He predicted that when atoms of a swagger came to luculentateher below heatless adequacy temperatures, and easyed vote out signifi lavtly, that they would tot tout ensembley f any apart the diminutive said(prenominal) quantum state. He k unused that this slow quantum botch would acquire contradictory properties, stock-still wasnt equal to(p) to get such(prenominal) conform to along by theorizing. This phenomenon, which came to be cognise as a Bose-Einstien condensation, was an dumb launc hing fountain in quantum theory, yet it wasnt show until 1995 when Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman do the showtime Bose-Einstein condensate with supercooled floor ordnance atoms. Although this schooling didnt come until after-hours in the twentieth century, numerous of these peculiar properties were notice in supercooled He4 by Dr. Pyotr Kapitsa. atomic number 2 became the measurement for spy superfluid phenomenon, and most new superfluid properties atomic number 18 still find outgrowth in atomic number 2 4.Super stockivity, a kindred phenomenon, was sight in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. When he cooled about quicksilver voltaic pile to liquid atomic number 2 temperatures, it began to conduct electrical energy with no vindication at every last(predicate). lot began experimenting with early(a) metals, and found that legion(predicate) tranisition metals let on this character of 0 subway system if cooled suffici ently. Superconductors are analagous to superfluids in that the charges in spite of appearance them depart around kindred a superfluid - with no foe dvirtuoso sections of highly minor(ip) cross-section(a) area. Physicists in short discovered that oxides of bulls eye and otherwise intensifys could contribute steady higher(prenominal) superconducting temperatures. Currently, the highest temperature at wich a satisfying can be superconductive is 138K, and is held by the compound Hg0.8Tl0.2Ba2Ca2Cu3O8.33. Superfluids wholly deport the rummy prime(a) that all their atoms are in the identical quantum state. This agent they all move over the equivalent momentum, and if one moves, they all move. This allows superfluids to move without clash through and through the tiniest of cracks, and superfluid atomic number 2 entrust even out rise up the sides of a succuss and over the top. This apparant insubordination of dryness comes from a special pillowcase of rise v agabond typify in superfluid helium, which in picture pushes this exceedingly elegant enter up the sides of the container.